Chp 41 EXAM 4 Flashcards
What are the five similarities shared by all animal cells?
*Exchange materials with their surroundings
*Obtain energy from organic nutrients
*Synthesize complex molecules
*Reproduce themselves
*Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment
Be able list and describe the hierarchy from cell to Organism.
Be able to list and describe the characters associated with the four types of Vertebrate tissue.
Muscle Tissue:
Cells specialized to contract, generating mechanical force
For the three different types of muscle be able to describe their characters (such as voluntary or involuntary, or striated or non striated), functions (e.g. movement) and locations where they occur.
Skeletal Muscle:
Attached to the skeleton of an animal for locomotion (how you walk), voluntary control (you have to think about moving them for them to move) , striated (stripes in the muscle), multinucleated (multiple cells fusing together, multi nucleus)
For the three different types of muscle be able to describe their characters (such as voluntary or involuntary, or striated or non striated), functions (e.g. movement) and locations where they occur.
Smooth Muscle:
Surrounds tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents (drinking) , involuntary control (it just happens, you dont think about it going through your intestines), not striated (non striped), uninucleate (one nucleus), Includes Bronchioles.
Ex: Digestive system, you have to gulp the drink down your throat, smooth muscles are used
For the three different types of muscle be able to describe their characters (such as voluntary or involuntary, or striated or non striated), functions (e.g. movement) and locations where they occur.
Cardiac Muscle
Only in the heart, involuntary control (u dont have to think to make your heart beat) , striated (stripes), uninucleate (one nucleus)
Be able to list and describe the characters associated with the four types of Vertebrate tissue.
Nervous Tissue:
*Complex networks of neurons(transmit information) Ex: One long neuron from brain to the spinal cord
*Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another
Be able to list and describe the characters associated with the four types of Vertebrate tissue.
Epithelial Tissue:
Sheets of densely-packed cells that
*Cover the body or enclose organs
*Line the walls of body cavities
*Specialized to protect, secrete(spit), and absorb(digest) ions
*Are Asymmetrical (top is different than bottom
EX: Your skin, densely packed not letting much of anything through.
Cuboidal-
squamous-
Columnar-
Tissue that is cubed
Tissue that is flat
Tissue that is a column
Be able to list and describe the characters associated with the four types of Vertebrate tissue.
Connective Tissue:
Connect, surround, anchor, and support
EX: includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue
Forms ECM (Extracellular Matrix) (Outside plasma membrane)
ALWAYS UNDER EPITHELIAL TISSUE**
What does an Extracellular Matrix do?
Connective tissue
*Provides scaffold for protection
*Provides protection and cushion
*Mechanical Strength
*Transmit Info
2 Kinds of Protein:
1. Collagen and Elastin (fibers)
2. Adhesive protein
What is an organ made of up of?
Multiple kinds of tissue
What is the relationship between form and function \ Structure of Function
how the physical characteristics (form or structure) of an object, organism, or system are intimately linked to its specific role or purpose (function).
What is the importance of Surface area and how is it related to volume?
More surface area means more places to go through the membrane and more exchanges.
SA increases so does V (V increases way more» SA^ by 2»>V^ by 3)
Be able to define Homeostasis and recognize examples of maintaining Homeostasis.
Homeostasis- Cells maintain a constant environment. A dynamic process
Fuel needs, Gas exchange, temp, salt, water
2 TYPES:
Conformers- maintain same composition as environment (cold-blooded or marine animals)
Regulators- Work to maintain body different than environment. Requires more energy (Warm-blooded)
Can animals be both in respect to different variables?
You can maintain certain things and not maintain others
Be able to identify and describe the different parts of the Homeostatic control system. (Set Point, sensor, integrator, effector)
Homeostatic mechanisms- restore blood glucose
Set Point- Normal value for controlled variable
Sensor- Monitors a particular variable (Neurons)
Integrator- Compares signals from sensor to set point (in brain) (Does not directly change temp just sends signal to effector)
Effector- Compensates for deviations between actual value and set point (Changes the temp)
EX: Temperature
Be able to compare and contrast Negative feedback and Positive feedback systems.
Negative (key feature in homeostasis)- variable being regulated (like shivering) brings responses that move variable in opposite direction. Prevents overcompensating (going to far in 1 direction)
Positive (not achieve homeostasis but accelerates process)- does exact opposite of Negative (EX: blood clotting)
What is meant by Feed forward regulation?
Animals body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it occurs EX: smelling or seeing food
Why is it important? Speeds up homeostatic responses and minimizes deviations from the set point
What process is homeostasis dependent on?
Communication
Paracrine signaling-
Part of Local Signaling:
molecules are released into interstitial fluid to act on NEARBY cells
Hormones-
chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system and secreted into the blood, to act on DISTANT cells
Be able to compare and contrast the nervous system to the endocrine system in terms of Homeostasis
Nervous:
*Communicates through electrical impulses
*Rapid»Immediate adjustments
*Affects are short-lived
Endocrine:
*Communicates through hormones
*Slower reactions than the nervous system
*Long-Lived
Which is faster enzyme action or gene expression in maintaining Homeostasis?
Enzyme Action
Why?
* Catalyze biochemical reactions at fast rates
* Enzymes are already in our cells ready for action
