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Bio 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

ch.1 , Campbell book, ch.17, ch.18

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plant cell characteristics

A
  • has cell wall
  • ## has chloroplasts
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2
Q

why do we care about plants?

A
  1. they provide 90% of the worlds food
  2. absorb carbon from atmosphere
  3. provide oxygen
  4. medicines / antibiotics
  5. animal feed
  6. shelter
  7. industrial products
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3
Q

importance of having space to grow plants

A
  • for food source / fight hunger
  • combat climate change
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4
Q

why is it important to understand plant development

A
  • use plants to remove pollutants from the water, air and soil

-use to make land productive again

-renew urban areas

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5
Q

what are the three domains?

A
  1. archaea
  2. bacteria
  3. eukarya
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6
Q

what are the two types of genome?

A
  1. nuclear genome
  2. organelle genome
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7
Q

ploidy levels

A

Haploid - has 1 set of chromosomes (N)

Diploid - has 2 sets of chromosomes (2N)

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8
Q

vacuole functions

A
  1. supports plant by turgor pressure (water pressure)
  2. Store free amino acids, sugars, and ion
  3. ability to change stomata morphology based on water content
  4. stores toxic metabolites
  5. guidance of the pollen tube to the micropyle also depends on growth and movement of the vacuole in the correct direction
  6. important in many aspects of crop growth, including seed germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit development
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9
Q

(DIPLOID) Sporophyte

A

produces HAPLOID spores by meiosis

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10
Q

(HAPLOID) gametophyte

A

produces HAPLOID gametes ; Sperm and egg by mitosis

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11
Q

unicellular

A
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12
Q

multicellular

A
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13
Q

eukaryotes

A

includes plant and animal cells, humans
- have nuclear envelope
-hundreds of chromosomes per cell
- DNA is double strand
- has membrane bound organelles
- have 80s ribosomes
- mostly sexual reproduction
- cell division by mitosis
- paired diploid chromosomes (2N)

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14
Q

prokaryotes

A

includes bacteria and archaea
- lack nuclear envelope
- have a single, closed loop of double strand DNA plus several 40 plasmids
- No membrane-bound organelles
- have 70s ribosomes
- asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
- unicellular
- No nucleus
- Haploid chromosomes (N)
- circular DNA
- small in size
- cell division by binary fission

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15
Q

botany

A

the study of plants

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16
Q

genetics

A

the study of heredity

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17
Q

genomics

A

study of genes and their function

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18
Q

bacteria

A

circular DNA

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19
Q

chloroplasts

A
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20
Q

plasmids

A

circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the large DNA molecule or chromsome

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21
Q

cyanobacteria

A
  • have chlorophyll a
  • produce oxygen
  • have blue and red photosynthetic pigment
  • NO chloroplasts
  • NO flagella
  • fix nitrogen
  • abundant in bodies of polluted fresh water
    -ancestor of all algae
    -the only NON eukaryotic type of algae
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22
Q

similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • have cell membrane
  • have cytoplasm
  • have ribosomes
  • have DNA
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23
Q
A
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24
Q

sporophyte

A
  • diploid
    -produce spores
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25
Q

gametophyte

A
  • haploid
  • produce haploid gametes through mitosis
26
Q

Place these major lineages of plants in order from oldest to youngest

A
  1. Mosses (oldest)
  2. Lycophytes
  3. Ferns
  4. Gymnosperms
  5. Angiosperms (youngest)
27
Q

What organelles make a plant cell unique?

A
  1. chloroplasts
  2. vacuole
  3. cell walls
  4. plasmodesmata
  5. middle lamella
28
Q

plastid

A

A plastid is an organelle involved in photosynthesis. The three main types of plastids are chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts

29
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which is a green pigment

30
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Chromoplasts contain other pigments found in bright colored fruit and flowers.

31
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Leucoplasts contain amyloplasts and are used for storage.

32
Q

cell wall

A

composed of
1. cellulose
2. pectin
3. hemicellulose

33
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • connect cells through the cell walls.
  • form a pathway for small molecules to move between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
  • allow for the communication and transportation of nutrients, water, and molecules between cells.
  • 30-60 nm in diameter
34
Q

Phragmoplast

A
  • Phragmoplasts form during cytokinesis between a dividing cell. - function is to form cell walls that separate daughter cells
35
Q

endoreduplication

A
36
Q

What is the role of the RCO gene

A

one gene can determine and affect many other things. helps us understand the origin of species and common ancestors.

36
Q

What is the genetic basis of alternation of generation in plants?

A

the life cycle of all plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms
GAMETOPHYTE & SPOROPHYTE.

  1. Haploid gametophytes
    (produces haploid gametes sperm/egg by mitosis)
  2. Diploid sporophytes.(produces haploid spores through meiosis)
  • Spores develop into gametophytes and fertilized eggs (zygotes) develop into sporophytes
37
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
38
Q

how did plants get chloroplasts

A

cyanobacteria + eukaryotic hosts (lacking chloroplasts) combine through endosymbiosis: (where cyanobacteria live permanently in the eukaryotic cell).

Resulted in eukaryotic algae. with evolved chloroplasts.

39
Q

endosymbiosis

A
  • is a relationship between two organisms wherein one cell resides inside the other.
  • can result in massive genetic innovation
  • example being the evolution of eukaryotic organelles, the mitochondria and plastids.
40
Q

algae

A
  • Photosynthetic protist
    and cyanobacteria.

-Traditionally classified based on pigments.

-Classification based on wall architecture,structure.

41
Q

eukaryotic algae

A

evolved chloroplasts

42
Q

what evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis?

A
  • mitochondria
  • photosynthetix algae
43
Q

stomata

A

pores that facilitate gas exchange between the outside air and internal plant tissues

44
Q

Distinctions between traditional bacteria and cyanobacteria

A

Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a and oxygen is produced from photosynthesis.

Cyanobacteria contain phycobilins.

Cyanobacteria can both fix nitrogen and produce oxygen.

45
Q

Shared features of green algae with land plants:

A

cells that resemble parenchyma,

Development of :
- cell plate

  • phragmoplast during mitosis,
  • A protective covering for zygote,
    production of lignin-like compound
46
Q

cell wall

A

essential for defense response

47
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

through cell wall

48
Q

symplastic pathway

A

through cytoplasm

49
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

are intercellular channels that establish a symplastic communication pathway between neighboring cells in plants.

Transport:
-Sugars
-Animo acids
-Signaling molecules
e.g. hormones,
Viral particles
and RNAs!!!

Environmental signals (e.g. day length or light intensity) or challenges (e.g. biotic stresses) are processed in the receptive cells and transported through plasmodesmata for local communication within a tissue

50
Q
A
51
Q

Plasmodesmata Functions

A

Passive and active pores are present in plasmodesmata. Nutrients and water pass from the passive pores.

Actin structure which is present in plasmodesmata helps to move transcription factors likemessenger RNA, viroids, short interfering RNA, and plant viruses.
Plasmodesmata located protein 5(PDLP5), enhances defenses against plant pathogenic attacks. It also protects from pathogenic bacteria.

The cells present in the phloem also use plasmodesmata.

Plasmodesmata are involved in the short-distance movement of viruses.

52
Q

Comparison between the mitotic cycle and endocycle

A
  1. The mitotic cycle comprises the G1, S, G2, ad M phases. A cell divides into two daughter cells.
  2. The endocycle only has the G and S phases. Through endoreplication, a cell increases its DNA content without cell division.
53
Q
A
54
Q

Phragmoplast

A

is a specialized cylindrical structure that only forms during the late cytokinesis ofPLANTcells.

It helps to separate two daughter cells by forming a newCELL WALL.

GREEN ALGAE AND LAND PLANTS

55
Q

HUMANS AND PLANTS have circular genomes

A

TRUE ;
Bacteria typically carry their genes on a single, circular DNA molecule.
Compaction its different than Eukaryotic chromosomes.

55
Q

nuclear genomes

A

Contain chloroplast genes

Contain mitochondrial genes

Variable genome sizes

56
Q

Plants share traits with closest algal relatives

A
  • Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins are arranged in rings (rossete), rather than linear sets

-Structure of flagellated sperm

  • Sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA
57
Q
A
57
Q

Plants diversified as adaptations evolved that enabled them to thrive on land despite challenges

A

Bio 201 (6 decks)

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