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Counseling Theories > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

mandatory ethics

A

a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice

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2
Q

aspirational ethics

A

focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients; involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct.

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3
Q

positive ethics

A

approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet the minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

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4
Q

informed consent

A

the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it; promotes active cooperation of clients.

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5
Q

evidence-based practice (EBP)

A

the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences

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6
Q

Psychoanalytic view of human nature

A
  • deterministic
  • behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motives, and biological(instinctual) drives
  • both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do
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7
Q

libido

A

sexual energy; energy of all life instincts

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8
Q

death instincts

A

“aggressive” drive people manifest through their behavior on unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others

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9
Q

psychoanalytic: structure of personality

A

ID (pleasure principle)
Ego (reality principle)
Superego (moral principle)

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10
Q

reality anxiety

A

danger from the external world

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11
Q

neurotic anxiety

A

fear of uncontrolled instincts

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12
Q

moral anxiety

A

fear of one’s conscious

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13
Q

ego-defense mechanisms

A
  • deny or distort reality
  • normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to:
    (1) help the individual cope w/ anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
    (2) have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality
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14
Q

repression

A

threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness

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15
Q

denial

A

“closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality

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16
Q

reaction formation

A

actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse

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17
Q

projection

A

attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses

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18
Q

displacement

A

directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible

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19
Q

rationalization

A

manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego

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20
Q

sublimation

A

diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels

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21
Q

regression

A

going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands

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22
Q

introjection

A

taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others

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23
Q

identification

A

identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile

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24
Q

compensation

A

masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations

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25
Q

psychoanalytic therapeutic goals

A
  • increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of symptoms
  • assist clients in achieving self-awareness
  • make the unconscious, conscious
26
Q

psychoanalytic therapist function and role

A
  • directive, non-judgmental; “blank screen” approach
  • avoid self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality
  • makes interpretations as the analysis progresses
  • has total control over the session
27
Q

transference

A

the client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
- allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible
- allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past

28
Q

countertransference

A

the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity
- can provide important means of understanding your client’s world

29
Q

free association

A

client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts

30
Q

psychoanalytic interpretation

A

therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed

31
Q

latent content

A

hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears

32
Q

manifest content

A

what appears to the dreamer

33
Q

objects relation theory

A

emphasis on how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others

34
Q

relational model

A

therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist

35
Q

Analytical Psychology (Jung)

A
  • human beings have both constructive and destructive forces (yin/yang)
  • to become integrated we must come to terms with our dark side or “shadow”
36
Q

archetypes

A

images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious
- persona: “mask” public face
- animus/anima: aspects of masculinity and femininity that exists in both sexes
- shadow: dark side of thoughts and feelings

37
Q

Adlerian view of human nature

A

behavior is purposeful and goal-directed; and consciousness, more than unconscious
- choice and responsibility
- meaning in life
- strive for success
- completion

38
Q

Individual Psychology

A
  • holistic, phenomenological approach
  • goal-oriented
  • social interest stressed
  • birth order/ sibling relationships
  • collaborative
39
Q

phenomenological approach

A

attempting to view the world from the client’s subjective frame of reference
- how life is in reality is less important than how the individual believes life to be
- it is not the childhood experiences that are crucial - it is our present interpretation of the events

40
Q

subjective reality

A

paying attention to the clients way of perceiving the world

41
Q

“fictional finalism”

A

an imagined life goal that guides a person’s behavior (aka guiding self ideal)

42
Q

lifestyle

A

our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world
- a life movement that organizes the client’s reality, giving meaning to life
- how we move toward our life goals
- includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions

43
Q

social interest

A

refers to an individual attitude toward and awareness of being part of the human community
- innate, but also must be learning, developed, and used
- we are primarily motivated by our desire to belong

44
Q

life tasks

A
  1. social task: building friendships
  2. love task: establishing intimacy
  3. occupational task: contributing to society
45
Q

birth order

A

a concept that assigns probability to having a certain set of experiences based on one’s position in the family

46
Q

Adlerian goals of therapy

A
  • develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest
  • emphasis on strength
47
Q

Role of Adlerian therapist

A
  • collaborative arrangement between client and therapist
  • relationship built on mutual respect
  • providing information, teaching
48
Q

Phase 1: Establishing the Proper Therapeutic

A
  • relationship supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging process
  • person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of the problem
  • help client build awareness of his or her strengths
49
Q

Phase 2: Exploring the Psychological Dynamics

A
  • lifestyle assessment
  • gain a deeper understanding of an individual’s lifestyle
    – subjective interview
    – objective interview
50
Q

subjective interview

A

counselor helps client tell their story as completely as possible

51
Q

objective interview

A

discovers information about how problems began, precipitating events, medical history, social history, why client chose therapy

52
Q

Phase 3: Encouraging Self Understanding/Insight

A
  • interpret the findings of the assessment
  • hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious
  • therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their lifestyle
53
Q

Phase 4: Reorientation and Re-education

A
  • action oriented
  • putting insights into practice
  • reorientation involves shifting rules of interaction, process, and motivation
  • facilitated through changes of awareness
54
Q

Encouragement (Adler)

A
  • instills self-confidence by expecting clients to assume responsibility for their lives and embrace the fact that they can make changes
  • the most powerful method available for changing a person’s beliefs
55
Q

multiple/dual relationships

A
  • pervasive
  • can be difficult to recognize
  • unavoidable at times
56
Q

braketing

A

managing your personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process

57
Q

value imposition

A

counselor directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

58
Q

assessment

A

an ongoing process designed to help the counselor evaluate key elements of a client’s psychological functioning

59
Q

diagnosis

A

the process of identifying pattern of symptoms which fit the criteria for a specific mental disorder defined in the the DSM-5

60
Q

Strengths of EBP

A

-counselors use treatments that have been validatedby empirical research
- treatments are usually brief and are standardized
- are preferred by many insurance companies
- calls for accountability among mental health professionals to provide effective treatments

61
Q

exceptions to confidentiality

A
  • client poses danger to self or others
  • client under 16 is a victim of abuse
  • dependent or older adult is victim of abuse
  • client needs hospitalization
  • info. is made an issue in court
  • client requests release of record
62
Q
A

Counseling Theories (5 decks)

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