Exam 1 Flashcards
mandatory ethics
a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice
aspirational ethics
focuses on doing what is in the best interest of clients; involves the highest standards of thinking and conduct.
positive ethics
approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet the minimum standards to stay out of trouble.
informed consent
the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it; promotes active cooperation of clients.
evidence-based practice (EBP)
the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
Psychoanalytic view of human nature
- deterministic
- behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motives, and biological(instinctual) drives
- both sexual and aggressive drives are powerful determinants of why people act as they do
libido
sexual energy; energy of all life instincts
death instincts
“aggressive” drive people manifest through their behavior on unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others
psychoanalytic: structure of personality
ID (pleasure principle)
Ego (reality principle)
Superego (moral principle)
reality anxiety
danger from the external world
neurotic anxiety
fear of uncontrolled instincts
moral anxiety
fear of one’s conscious
ego-defense mechanisms
- deny or distort reality
- normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to:
(1) help the individual cope w/ anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
(2) have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality
repression
threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness
denial
“closing one’s eyes” to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality
reaction formation
actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse
projection
attributing to others one’s own unacceptable desires and impulses
displacement
directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible
rationalization
manufacturing “good” reasons to explain away a bruised ego
sublimation
diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels
regression
going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands
introjection
taking in and swallowing the values and standards of others
identification
identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile
compensation
masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations
psychoanalytic therapeutic goals
- increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of symptoms
- assist clients in achieving self-awareness
- make the unconscious, conscious
psychoanalytic therapist function and role
- directive, non-judgmental; “blank screen” approach
- avoid self-disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality
- makes interpretations as the analysis progresses
- has total control over the session
transference
the client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
- allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible
- allows the client to achieve insight into the influence of the past
countertransference
the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity
- can provide important means of understanding your client’s world
free association
client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts
psychoanalytic interpretation
therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed
latent content
hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears
manifest content
what appears to the dreamer
objects relation theory
emphasis on how our relationships with other people are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others
relational model
therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist
Analytical Psychology (Jung)
- human beings have both constructive and destructive forces (yin/yang)
- to become integrated we must come to terms with our dark side or “shadow”
archetypes
images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious
- persona: “mask” public face
- animus/anima: aspects of masculinity and femininity that exists in both sexes
- shadow: dark side of thoughts and feelings
Adlerian view of human nature
behavior is purposeful and goal-directed; and consciousness, more than unconscious
- choice and responsibility
- meaning in life
- strive for success
- completion
Individual Psychology
- holistic, phenomenological approach
- goal-oriented
- social interest stressed
- birth order/ sibling relationships
- collaborative
phenomenological approach
attempting to view the world from the client’s subjective frame of reference
- how life is in reality is less important than how the individual believes life to be
- it is not the childhood experiences that are crucial - it is our present interpretation of the events
subjective reality
paying attention to the clients way of perceiving the world
“fictional finalism”
an imagined life goal that guides a person’s behavior (aka guiding self ideal)
lifestyle
our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world
- a life movement that organizes the client’s reality, giving meaning to life
- how we move toward our life goals
- includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions
social interest
refers to an individual attitude toward and awareness of being part of the human community
- innate, but also must be learning, developed, and used
- we are primarily motivated by our desire to belong
life tasks
- social task: building friendships
- love task: establishing intimacy
- occupational task: contributing to society
birth order
a concept that assigns probability to having a certain set of experiences based on one’s position in the family
Adlerian goals of therapy
- develop the client’s sense of belonging and to assist in the adoption of behaviors and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest
- emphasis on strength
Role of Adlerian therapist
- collaborative arrangement between client and therapist
- relationship built on mutual respect
- providing information, teaching
Phase 1: Establishing the Proper Therapeutic
- relationship supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging process
- person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of the problem
- help client build awareness of his or her strengths
Phase 2: Exploring the Psychological Dynamics
- lifestyle assessment
- gain a deeper understanding of an individual’s lifestyle
– subjective interview
– objective interview
subjective interview
counselor helps client tell their story as completely as possible
objective interview
discovers information about how problems began, precipitating events, medical history, social history, why client chose therapy
Phase 3: Encouraging Self Understanding/Insight
- interpret the findings of the assessment
- hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious
- therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their lifestyle
Phase 4: Reorientation and Re-education
- action oriented
- putting insights into practice
- reorientation involves shifting rules of interaction, process, and motivation
- facilitated through changes of awareness
Encouragement (Adler)
- instills self-confidence by expecting clients to assume responsibility for their lives and embrace the fact that they can make changes
- the most powerful method available for changing a person’s beliefs
multiple/dual relationships
- pervasive
- can be difficult to recognize
- unavoidable at times
braketing
managing your personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process
value imposition
counselor directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
assessment
an ongoing process designed to help the counselor evaluate key elements of a client’s psychological functioning
diagnosis
the process of identifying pattern of symptoms which fit the criteria for a specific mental disorder defined in the the DSM-5
Strengths of EBP
-counselors use treatments that have been validatedby empirical research
- treatments are usually brief and are standardized
- are preferred by many insurance companies
- calls for accountability among mental health professionals to provide effective treatments
exceptions to confidentiality
- client poses danger to self or others
- client under 16 is a victim of abuse
- dependent or older adult is victim of abuse
- client needs hospitalization
- info. is made an issue in court
- client requests release of record
