Chance to Excel 2

Question 1

Existential View of Human Nature

Answer 1

• capacity for self-awareness
• tension between freedom and responsibility
• the creation of an identity & establishing meaningful relationships
• accepting anxiety
• awareness of death and non-being

Question 2

Capacity of Self-awareness

Answer 2

realizing that:
- we are finite
- we have the potential and the choice, to act or not to act
- meaning is not automatic, we must seek it

Question 3

meaning

Answer 3

• like pleasure, it must be pursued indirectly
• it is a by-product of a commitment to creating, loving, and working

Question 4

Yalom’s 4 givens of existence

Answer 4

death, freedom, isolation, meaninglessness

Question 5

Goals of Existential Therapy

Answer 5

• help clients accept their freedom and responsibility to act
• assist people with coming to terms with crises
• encourage them to live authentic lives
• broaden clients’ awareness
• help them search for purpose and meaning in life

Question 6

Person-centered Human Nature

Answer 6

Humans:
- are trustworthy and positive
- are capable of making changes and living productive, effective lives
- innately gravitate to self-actualization

Question 7

congruence

Answer 7

• genuineness or realness in the therapy session
• therapist’s behaviors match his or her words

Question 8

unconditional positive regard

Answer 8

• acceptance and genuine caring about the client, as a valuable
• accepting clients as they are presently

Question 9

accurate empathic understanding

Answer 9

• the ability to deeply grasp the client’s subjective world
• helper attitudes are more important than knowledge; the therapist doesn’t need to experience the situation to develop and understanding from the clients perspective

Question 10

six core conditions (person-centered)

Answer 10

• 2 persons are in psychological contact
• the first (client) is experiencing incongruence
• the second (therapist) is congruent or integrated in the relationship
• the therapist experiences unconditional positive regard or real caring for the client
• the therapist experiences empathy for the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this to the client
• the communication to the client is, to a minimal degree, achieved

Question 11

Precontemplation

Answer 11

there’s no intention of changing a behavior pattern in the near future

Question 12

contemplation

Answer 12

people are aware of a problem and are considering overcoming it, but they have not yet made a commitment to take action to bring about the change

Question 13

preparation

Answer 13

individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes

Question 14

action

Answer 14

individuals are taking steps to modify their behavior to solve their problems

Question 15

maintenance

Answer 15

people work to consolidate their gains and prevent relapse

Question 16

stages of change (person-centered)

Answer 16

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Question 17

emotion-focused therapy

Answer 17

• understanding the role of emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change
• help clients access and process emotions to construct new ways of being

Question 18

Gestalt Human Nature

Answer 18

• existential and phenomenological
• here and now

Question 19

Holism

Answer 19

the full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, language, and dreams

Question 20

Field theory

Answer 20

the field in the client’s environment which consists of therapist and client and all that goes on between them

Question 21

contact

Answer 21

interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s identity

Question 22

boundary disturbances/resistance to contact

Answer 22

the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully

Question 23

five channels of resistance

Answer 23

introjection, deflection, projection, confluence, retroflection

Question 24

introjection

Answer 24

the tendency to uncritically accept others’ beliefs and standards without stimulating them to make them congruent with who we are

Question 25

projection

Answer 25

• disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment
• these individuals tend to feel like they are victims of circumstances

Question 26

retroflection

Answer 26

• turning back onto ourselves by assigning them to the environment
• ex. self-harming when angry at someone else so that you don’t hurt them

Question 27

deflection

Answer 27

• the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact
• ex. beating around the bush, changing subject in the middle of an argument

Question 28

confluence

Answer 28

• blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment
• ex. absence of conflicts, slowness to anger, feeling you aren’t able to give your opinion until you hear what everyone else thinks

Question 29

boundary disturbance

Answer 29

characteristic styles people employ in their attempts to control their environment

Question 30

“it” talk

Answer 30

“it” instead of “I”, use depersonalizing language

Question 31

“you” talk

Answer 31

global and impersonal language tends to keep the person hidden

Question 32

language that denies power

Answer 32

tendency to deny their personal power by adding qualifiers or disclaimers to their statements
- ex. perhaps, maybe, I guess

Question 33

organismic regulation

Answer 33

a process by which equilibrium is “disturbed” by the emergence of a need, a sensation, or an interest

Question 34

paradoxical theory of change

Answer 34

the more you try to actively change yourself to be something that you are not, the more you stay the same

Question 35

empty chair

Answer 35

• role play; all parts played by the client
• promote a higher level of integration b/w the polarities and conflicts that exist in everyone

Question 36

making the rounds

Answer 36

• involves asking a person in a group to go up to others in the group and either speak to or do something with each person
• purpose is to confront, risk, disclose the self, to experiment with new behavior, and grow and change

Question 37

staying with the feeling

Answer 37

urge the client to stay with their feelings and encourage them to go deeper into the feeling or behavior they wish to avoid

Question 38

freedom

Answer 38

we are responsible for our lives, for our actions, and for failures to take action

Question 39

existential guilt

Answer 39

being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose

Question 40

existential vacuum

Answer 40

• meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness
• this condition is often experienced when people do not busy themselves with routine or with work

Question 40

neurotic anxiety

Answer 40

• failure to move through anxiety results
• anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation

Question 40

logotherapy

Answer 40

human suffering (the tragic and negative aspects of life) can be turned into human achievement by the stand an individual takes when faced with it

Question 41

inevitability of death

Answer 41

• the realization that death is an outcome for everyone
• the fear of non-existence can make life seem pointless

Question 42

isolation

Answer 42

• we are ultimately alone
• everyone experiences feelings of alienation and loneliness
• lacking true connection with others

Question 43

meaninglessness

Answer 43

• Only certainties in life are
  birth and death.
• Lack of meaning in life can
  create a sense of hopelessness, despair and
  emptiness.

Question 44

freedom and responsibility

Answer 44

We have the freedom and responsibility to make choices to lead a more purposeful life with the limited time that we have.