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OB > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What stimulates gonads to produce hormones at sexual maturity?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Where is GnRH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

Where is FSH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

Where is LH secreted from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Structure that collects milk from alveoli and conducts it to outside

A

Lactiferous ducts

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6
Q

Cells within alveoli that secrete milk after childbirth

A

Acinar cells

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7
Q

Function of GnRH

A

Initiation of puberty in males and females
Sustaining female reproductive cycles

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8
Q

Three phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase
Ovulatory phase
Luteal phase

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9
Q

When does the follicular phase take place?

A

Begins 1st day of menstruation and ends 14 days later

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10
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

Period during which an ovum matures

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11
Q

What occurs during ovulatory phase?

A

2 days before ovulation LH and FSH levels rise
Estrogen falls, and progesterone rises
Stimulates final maturation of single follicle and release of its ovum

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12
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase?

A

Remaining cells of old follicle persist for 12 days as corpus luteum
Corpus lueum secretes estrogen and a lot of progesterone to prepare endometrium for fertilized ovum

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13
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

The basal layer of the endometrium starts to build back up and grow longer arteries and veins
Endometrial glands begin secreting stringy mucus to aid entry of sperm into uterus

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14
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Endometrium continues to thicken, reaching max thickness of 5-6 mm.
Endometrium secretes substances to nourish fertilized ovum

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15
Q

What happens during ischemic phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Corpus luteum regresses
Vasospasm of endometrial blood vessels causes endometrium to become ischemic and necrotic

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16
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Necrotic areas of endometrium separate from the basal layers

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17
Q

Function of hCG

A

Secreted by the zygote to signal the woman’s body that it’s pregnant
Causes corpus luteum to persist and continue secretion of estrogen and progesterone until the placenta takes over this function

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18
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

3rd week - 8th week

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19
Q

Major things that happen during the embryonic period

A

All major body organs are completed
Structures most vulnerable to teratogens (since they’re developing so rapidly)

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20
Q

What is considered full term?

A

36-40 weeks for fertilization age (calculated from conception)
38-42 weeks of gestational age (calculated from 1st day of last menstrual period)

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21
Q

When is implantation complete?

A

By the end of the second week after fertilization

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22
Q

When does the CNS begin developing?

A

During the 3rd week after conception

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23
Q

When does the heart start beating?

A

22-23 days

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24
Q

When does the heart develop chambers?

A

Begins during 4th week and completes by end of 6th week

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25
Q

When does surfactant production begin?

A

During 24th week

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26
Q

When do external genitalia begin to differentiate and when are male and female characteristic distinct?

A

Begin to differentiate during week 7
Distinct at 12 weeks

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27
Q

When does the fetal period begin and end

A

Begins at 9 weeks and ends at birth

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28
Q

When does the fetus begin producing and secreting urine?

A

By 12 weeks

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29
Q

When can heartbeat be detected with Doppler?

A

Maybe by 10 weeks, but by 12 for sure

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30
Q

When is heart beat detectable by ultrasound?

A

8 weeks

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31
Q

When does quickening occur?

A

During weeks 13-16, esp if woman has been pregnant before

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32
Q

When does vernix develop?

A

Weeks 17-20

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33
Q

When does lanugo develop?

A

Weeks 17-20

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34
Q

When is brown fat deposited?

A

Weeks 17-20

35
Q

When does surfactant reach levels that increase likelihood of survival outside of uterus?

A

Not until 26-28 weeks

36
Q

When does blood formation shift to the bone marrow?

A

By 28 weeks

37
Q

When does the fetus typically assume head down position?

A

Week 25-28

38
Q

Usual schedule for prenatal assessment in normal pregnancy

A

Conception to 28 weeks: every 4 weeks
29-36 weeks: every 2 weeks
37 weeks to birth: every week

39
Q

When does the fundal height start being equal to the gestational age of the fetus in weeks?

A

At week 20, until 32

40
Q

When does the fundus reach its highest level, at the xiphoid process?

A

36 weeks

41
Q

When does the fundus measure at the umbilicus?

A

20 weeks

42
Q

Chadwicks sign

A

One of the earliest signs of pregnancy
Bluish purple coloring of the cervix caused by hyperemia

43
Q

Goodells sign

A

Cervical softening

44
Q

What are Leopold maneuvers?

A

Systematic method of palpating fetus through abdominal wall during latter part of pregnancy
Provide info about location and presentation of fetus

45
Q

Classes to help pregnant women

A

1st tri: safe pregnancy, self care, select provider & make birth plan
2nd tri:
3rd tri: labor and delivery, breast feeding, parenting

46
Q

Dick reed childbirth education

A

Method of slow abdominal breathing and rapid chest breathing in advanced labor

47
Q

Bradley childbirth education

A

First to include father as support person for husband coached childbirth

48
Q

Lamaze childbirth education

A

Psychoprophylaxis
Uses mind to prevent pain

49
Q

Normal weight gain for pregnancy

A

25-35 lbs

50
Q

How many calories should woman eat during pregnancy?

A

2200 - 2900

51
Q

How many extra calories should you eat during the second trimester?

A

340 extra

52
Q

How many extra calories should be eaten a day during the third trimester?

A

452 extra

53
Q

When is AFP screening done?

A

16-18 weeks

54
Q

What do AFP levels mean?

A

Low levels suggest chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21

High levels associated with NTD such as anencephaly or spina bifida

55
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling used to detect?

A

Chromosomal, metabolic, or dna abnormalities

56
Q

Advantages of cvs

A

Results known sooner

57
Q

What is amniocentesis used to detect?

A

Chromosomal, metabolic, or genetic abnormalities
Fetal lung maturity (LS ration 2:1)
Diagnose fetal infections and amniotic fluid volume disorders

58
Q

When is amniocentesis performed?

A

Between 15-20 weeks

59
Q

What is detected when determining FLM?

A

Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ration 2:1
Surfactant
Lamellar bodies which work with surfactant, so if they’re present, surfactant is too

60
Q

When is a percutaneous umbilical blood sampling done?

A

After 18 weeks
(In umbilical vein)

61
Q

Risks during a percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

A

Fetal bradycardia and bleeding
Laceration or hematoma of umbilical cord
Thrombosis
Infection
Preterm labor
Preterm premature rupture of membranes
Pregnancy loss

62
Q

When is antepartum fetal surveillance typically initiated?

A

24-32 weeks for high risk pregancies

63
Q

How is a fetal movement count done?

A

Based on maternal perception
Count to 10 method: 10 distinct movements in 1-2 hours

64
Q

What if mother feels <10 movements in 1-2 hours?

A

Baby may be having hypoxic event

65
Q

First line of testing in fetal surveillance

A

NST

66
Q

What does an NST observe?

A

Fetal heart rate to fetal movement

67
Q

How is the fetal position determined?

A

With leopold’s maneuver

68
Q

What is a reactive NST

A

2 or more accelerations within a 20 min period

69
Q

What is a nonreactive NST?

A

Fewer than 2 accelerations in a 40 min period

70
Q

Baseline fetal HR

A

110-160

71
Q

When would a contraction stress test be performed?

A

If NST findings are non reactive

72
Q

Goal of a contraction stress test

A

Stimulate 3 contractions in 10 mins

73
Q

Interpretation of a contraction stress test

A

Negative: no late decelerations
Positive: late declarations present with 50% of contractions
Equivocal: suspicious intermittent late decels
Unsatisfactory: fewer than 3 contractions in 10 min

74
Q

What does a positive CST mean?

A

Fetal growth restriction
Late decels during labor
Meconium staind fluid
Low 5 min apgar scores
Still birth

75
Q

What is a biophysical profile used for?

A

To assess fetal wellbeing:
- FHR
- fetal movement
- fetal tone
- fetal breathing movement
- amniotic fluid amount

76
Q

How is a BPP performed?

A

Reactivity interpreted by NST and other 4 parameters measured by real time u/s

77
Q

How long does a BPP take?

A

30 mins

78
Q

Scoring of BPP

A

Each category gets 0 or 2 points

8-10 = normal
6 = equivocal
0-4 = acidemia or perinatal asphyxia

79
Q

What is a modified BPP

A

Combines NST and ultrasound of amniotic fluid

80
Q

How is amniotic fluid measured and what results mean

A

Measuring largest pocket of fluid in four maternal abd quads
2 cm or less = oligohydramnios
18-20 cm = hydramnios

81
Q

What does fetal Doppler flow ultrasound monitor?

A

Blood flow through umbilical cord
Assesses:
- condition of placenta
- Hemodynamic components of vascular resistance in high risk pregnancies with fetal growth restriction
- detects fetal anemia

82
Q

When is how is fetal Doppler flow reported?

A

Normal
Decreased
Reversed

83
Q

Hormone that sends extra glucose to baby

A

hCS

OB (11 decks)

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