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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Changes in other systems that differentiate males and females but do not directly relate to reproduction

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells other than the gametes, where changes of puberty occur in an orderly sequence (occurs in both genders)

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells (ovum in females, sperm in males)

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4
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Delayed onset of menstruation (period has not begun within 2 years of breast development, or by 16 years old)

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5
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation for at least 3 cycles after regular cycles have been established, or for 6 months

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6
Q

Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Target organ for gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Action of GnRH in females

A

Simulates release of FSH and LH, initiation puberty
Sustaining female reproductive cycles

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9
Q

Action of GnRH in males

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH, initiating puberty

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10
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Target organ of FSH

A

Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)

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12
Q

Action of FSH in females

A

Stimulates final maturation of follicle
Stimulates growth and maturation of Graafian follicles before ovulation

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13
Q

Function of FSH in males

A

Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to secrete testosterone

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14
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Target organs of LH

A

Ovaries
Testes

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16
Q

Action of LH in females

A

Stimulates final maturation of follicle
Surge of LH approx 14 days before next menstrual period causes ovulation
Stimulates transformation of Graafian follicle into corpus luteum

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17
Q

Action of LH in males

A

Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to secrete testosterone

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18
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

Ovaries and corpus luteum
Placenta (during pregnancy)

From testosterone in Sertoli cells of testes
Other tissues, esp liver produce estrogen in males

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19
Q

Target organs of estrogen

A

Internal and external reproductive organs
Breasts
Testes

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20
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovary
Corpus luteum
Placenta

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21
Q

Target organs of progesterone

A

Uterus
Breasts

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22
Q

Action of progesterone

A

Stimulates secretion of endometrial glands, causes endometrial vessels to become prepared for possible implantation of embryo

Pregnancy: induces growth of cells of Fallopian tubes and uterine lining to nourish embryo
Decreases contractions of uterus
Prepares breasts for lactation but inhibits prolactin secretion

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23
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Anterior pituitary

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24
Q

Target organ of prolactin

A

Breasts

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25
Action of prolactin
Stimulates secretion of milk. (Inhibited by estrogen and progesterone until after placenta is expelled after birth)
26
Where is oxytocin produced?
Posterior pituitary
27
Target organs for oxytocin
Uterus Breasts
28
Action of oxytocin
Stimulates uterus to contract during birth and postpartum Stimulates let down of milk during breast feeding
29
Spermatogenesis
Production of male gametes
30
Climacteric
Transnational period that starts as female fertility declines and extends through menopause and the post menopausal period
31
Menopause
Final menstrual period
32
Vestibule
Structures enclosed by the labia minora
33
Opening of the vagina
Vaginal introitus
34
Glands that provide lubrication for the urethra
Scene (or periurethral) glands
35
Glands that provide lubrication for the vaginal introitus
Bartholin glands
36
Vaginal fornix
Pouch-like structure at top of vagina
37
Normal position of the uterus
Anteverted (rotated forward over the bladder) And Slightly anteflexed (flexed forward)
38
Three divisions of the uterus
Corpus Isthmus Cervix
39
Corpus of the uterus
Upper division of the uterus
40
Fundus of the uterus
Uppermost part of the uterine corpus, above the area where the Fallopian tubes enter the uterus
41
Isthmus
A narrower transition zone of the uterus Located between the corpus and cervix (Elongates during pregnancy and is called the lower uterine segment)
42
Cervix
Tubular neck of the lower uterus Approximately 2-3 cm in length
43
Perimetrium
Outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus
44
Myometrium
Middle layer of thick muscle of the uterus Contains 3 types of smooth muscle fiber, each suited to specific functions during childbearing
45
Endometrium
Inner layer of the uterus Responds to cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during female reproductive cycle
46
Three layers of myometrium
Longitudinal fibers Interlacing figure-8 fibers Circular fibers
47
Function of longitudinal fibers
Designed to expel the fetus during birth
48
Function of interlacing fibers
Middle layer Contract after birth to compress blood vessels that pass between to limit blood loss
49
Function of circular fibers
Inner layer Form constrictions where Fallopian tubes enter uterus and surround internal cervical os Prevent reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into Fallopian tubes Promote normal implantation of fertilized ovum by controlling entry into uterus Retain fetus until appropriate time of birth
50
Two layers of endometrium
Basal layer - area nearest myometrium that regenerates the functional layer after each menstrual period or after birth Functional layer - contains endometrial arteries, veins, and glands that re shed during each menstrual period and after child birth
51
Four divisions of the Fallopian tubes
1- interstitial portion (runs into uterine cavity and lies within uterine wall) 2- isthmus (narrow part adjacent to the uterus) 3- ampulla (wider area lateral to the isthmus, where fertilization occurs) 4- infundibulum (wide funnel shaped terminal end of the tube, surrounded by fimbriae)
52
Two functions of the ovary
Sex hormone production Maturation of an ovum during each reproductive cycle
53
Linea terminalis
Imaginary line dividing the upper (or false) pelvis from the lower (or true) pelvis
54
What is the female reproductive cycle driven by?
A feedback loop between the anterior pituitary and ovaries
55
Graafian follicles
Sacs within the ovary, each containing an immature ovum
56
Spinnbarkeit
Refers to the elasticity of cervical mucous
57
Functions of the testes
Serve as endocrine glands Produce male gametes (sperm/spermatozoa)
58
What are androgens and where are the primarily produced?
Male sex hormones Primary endocrine secretions of the testes Produced by Leydig cells of the testes
59
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules of the testes
60
What are Leydig cells?
Interstitial cells supporting the seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone
61
Function of Sertoli cells
Located within the seminiferous tubules Respond to FSH secretion by nourishing and supporting sperm as they mature
62
Function of the epididymus
Sperm pass here after seminiferous tubules Located in scrotum for storage and final maturation of sperm Sperm develop the ability to be motile here Empties into vas deferens
63
Vas deferens
Where larger number of sperm are stored Lead upward into pelvis and then downward toward the penis through internal and external inguinal areas

OB (11 decks)

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