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OB > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Changes in other systems that differentiate males and females but do not directly relate to reproduction

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2
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells other than the gametes, where changes of puberty occur in an orderly sequence (occurs in both genders)

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3
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells (ovum in females, sperm in males)

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4
Q

Primary amenorrhea

A

Delayed onset of menstruation (period has not begun within 2 years of breast development, or by 16 years old)

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5
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation for at least 3 cycles after regular cycles have been established, or for 6 months

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6
Q

Where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Target organ for gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

Anterior pituitary

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8
Q

Action of GnRH in females

A

Simulates release of FSH and LH, initiation puberty
Sustaining female reproductive cycles

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9
Q

Action of GnRH in males

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH, initiating puberty

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10
Q

Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Target organ of FSH

A

Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)

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12
Q

Action of FSH in females

A

Stimulates final maturation of follicle
Stimulates growth and maturation of Graafian follicles before ovulation

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13
Q

Function of FSH in males

A

Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to secrete testosterone

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14
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Target organs of LH

A

Ovaries
Testes

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16
Q

Action of LH in females

A

Stimulates final maturation of follicle
Surge of LH approx 14 days before next menstrual period causes ovulation
Stimulates transformation of Graafian follicle into corpus luteum

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17
Q

Action of LH in males

A

Stimulates Leydig cells of testes to secrete testosterone

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18
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

Ovaries and corpus luteum
Placenta (during pregnancy)

From testosterone in Sertoli cells of testes
Other tissues, esp liver produce estrogen in males

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19
Q

Target organs of estrogen

A

Internal and external reproductive organs
Breasts
Testes

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20
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovary
Corpus luteum
Placenta

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21
Q

Target organs of progesterone

A

Uterus
Breasts

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22
Q

Action of progesterone

A

Stimulates secretion of endometrial glands, causes endometrial vessels to become prepared for possible implantation of embryo

Pregnancy: induces growth of cells of Fallopian tubes and uterine lining to nourish embryo
Decreases contractions of uterus
Prepares breasts for lactation but inhibits prolactin secretion

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23
Q

Where is prolactin produced

A

Anterior pituitary

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24
Q

Target organ of prolactin

A

Breasts

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25
Q

Action of prolactin

A

Stimulates secretion of milk.
(Inhibited by estrogen and progesterone until after placenta is expelled after birth)

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26
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

Posterior pituitary

27
Q

Target organs for oxytocin

A

Uterus
Breasts

28
Q

Action of oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterus to contract during birth and postpartum
Stimulates let down of milk during breast feeding

29
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Production of male gametes

30
Q

Climacteric

A

Transnational period that starts as female fertility declines and extends through menopause and the post menopausal period

31
Q

Menopause

A

Final menstrual period

32
Q

Vestibule

A

Structures enclosed by the labia minora

33
Q

Opening of the vagina

A

Vaginal introitus

34
Q

Glands that provide lubrication for the urethra

A

Scene (or periurethral) glands

35
Q

Glands that provide lubrication for the vaginal introitus

A

Bartholin glands

36
Q

Vaginal fornix

A

Pouch-like structure at top of vagina

37
Q

Normal position of the uterus

A

Anteverted (rotated forward over the bladder)
And
Slightly anteflexed (flexed forward)

38
Q

Three divisions of the uterus

A

Corpus
Isthmus
Cervix

39
Q

Corpus of the uterus

A

Upper division of the uterus

40
Q

Fundus of the uterus

A

Uppermost part of the uterine corpus, above the area where the Fallopian tubes enter the uterus

41
Q

Isthmus

A

A narrower transition zone of the uterus
Located between the corpus and cervix
(Elongates during pregnancy and is called the lower uterine segment)

42
Q

Cervix

A

Tubular neck of the lower uterus
Approximately 2-3 cm in length

43
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus

44
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle layer of thick muscle of the uterus
Contains 3 types of smooth muscle fiber, each suited to specific functions during childbearing

45
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer of the uterus
Responds to cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during female reproductive cycle

46
Q

Three layers of myometrium

A

Longitudinal fibers
Interlacing figure-8 fibers
Circular fibers

47
Q

Function of longitudinal fibers

A

Designed to expel the fetus during birth

48
Q

Function of interlacing fibers

A

Middle layer
Contract after birth to compress blood vessels that pass between to limit blood loss

49
Q

Function of circular fibers

A

Inner layer
Form constrictions where Fallopian tubes enter uterus and surround internal cervical os
Prevent reflux of menstrual blood and tissue into Fallopian tubes
Promote normal implantation of fertilized ovum by controlling entry into uterus
Retain fetus until appropriate time of birth

50
Q

Two layers of endometrium

A

Basal layer - area nearest myometrium that regenerates the functional layer after each menstrual period or after birth
Functional layer - contains endometrial arteries, veins, and glands that re shed during each menstrual period and after child birth

51
Q

Four divisions of the Fallopian tubes

A

1- interstitial portion (runs into uterine cavity and lies within uterine wall)
2- isthmus (narrow part adjacent to the uterus)
3- ampulla (wider area lateral to the isthmus, where fertilization occurs)
4- infundibulum (wide funnel shaped terminal end of the tube, surrounded by fimbriae)

52
Q

Two functions of the ovary

A

Sex hormone production
Maturation of an ovum during each reproductive cycle

53
Q

Linea terminalis

A

Imaginary line dividing the upper (or false) pelvis from the lower (or true) pelvis

54
Q

What is the female reproductive cycle driven by?

A

A feedback loop between the anterior pituitary and ovaries

55
Q

Graafian follicles

A

Sacs within the ovary, each containing an immature ovum

56
Q

Spinnbarkeit

A

Refers to the elasticity of cervical mucous

57
Q

Functions of the testes

A

Serve as endocrine glands
Produce male gametes (sperm/spermatozoa)

58
Q

What are androgens and where are the primarily produced?

A

Male sex hormones
Primary endocrine secretions of the testes
Produced by Leydig cells of the testes

59
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

60
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

Interstitial cells supporting the seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone

61
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Located within the seminiferous tubules
Respond to FSH secretion by nourishing and supporting sperm as they mature

62
Q

Function of the epididymus

A

Sperm pass here after seminiferous tubules
Located in scrotum for storage and final maturation of sperm
Sperm develop the ability to be motile here
Empties into vas deferens

63
Q

Vas deferens

A

Where larger number of sperm are stored
Lead upward into pelvis and then downward toward the penis through internal and external inguinal areas

OB (11 decks)

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