exam 1 Flashcards
holter monitoring invasive or non invasive?
-monitor electrical activity -24-48 hours -non invasive
ankle brachial index invasive or non invasive?
-cuffs on ankle and arm -compare BP a ankle and arm -low index = narrowing/blockage -noninvasive
what was main idea about CR in 1950s
resotre functional capacity
S/S of stable angine
-pain -decline in ATP -diastolic relaxtion
compensated vs uncompensated vs intractable
-com: mechanism work -uncom: mecahnism dont work -intra: heart fails despite therapies
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) invasive or noninvasive?
take healthy artery and connect it to bloacked artery to bypass bloacked portion -invasive
what was main idea about CR in 1980s
-more drug therapies -exercise at 50-70% VO2max for longer periods -resistance traning -AACVPR formed
why does stable angine occue
limited blood flow to one or mroe coronary arteries
how do you diagnose solent angina?
ST segment elevation or depression -there will be no S/S
how to diagnose stable angina
-stress test reveals chest pain -ST segment dperession or elevation -fall in BP due to reduced ventricular contractility
radionuclide stress testing invasive or noninvasive?
-inject radioactive isotope -obtain nuclearimages at rest and post exercise -look at RBCs -round is normal and irregular shape is a defect -invasive
what age must a client be to have age be counted as a risk factor?
male: at or above 45 female: at or above 55
what is the waist girth for obesity to be counted as risk factor?
male: >102cm female: >88cm
what are the S/S of chronic congestive heart failure
-rapid HR -pallor -disphoresis
what was main finding in 1800s about CR
-little known -starting cardiovasc research
when should you stop exercise with a patient in phase I of CR?
5 of them
- HR >130 or >30 above pre exercise level
- DBP at or above 110
- decrease in SBP >10
- signif ventric or artrial arrhythmias
- 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
S/S of unstable angina
- crescedo angina
- angina w/ exertion
- angina after recent MI
- ST segment changes
progression of atherosclerosis
- injury to blood vessel
- dysfunction of endotherlium
- fatty streaks form made from foam cells
- LDL enters vessel and causes further damage
- plaque starts to form
- plaque:raised fibrous plaque with cap
- will occlude artery more and more
- cap from plaque can break off and cause clot
what was mina idea about CR in 1990s
-rehab open to more diseased condtions exercise and goals became more individ
treatment for an MI?
-rapid managment and re perfusion -prevent complications
when is it alright to progress with exercise with a “stable” patient during phase I or CR?
- adequate HR increase
- adequeate SBP rise
- no new rhythm or ST changes
- no cardiac symptoms
king of hearts invasive or noninvasive?
records when you have symptoms -non invasive
how does EECP relieve angine and degree of iscemia?
decreases afterload that heart has to pump againdt and increases preload that fill heart to increase CO
medical stress test invasive or noninvasive
exercise for 10-15 min monitor BP and ECG -invasive
how to diagnose unstable angina
-ST segment elevation -arrythmias,syncope, MI
what is variant angina caused by -main contributor?
artery spasm -smoking/cocaine
what was main idea about CR in 1960s
-exercise rehab began -emory university study=prevent de contioned response -started education and counseling of patients
what age must a 1st degree relative be when died for fmaily history be counted as a risk factor?
- male: before 55
- female: before 65
how do you diagnose an MI?
- must have at least 2 of:
- symptoms
- serial serum enzymes
- ECG changes
what is the flow of blood in the body?
venacava ->RA->tricuspid valve->RV->pulmonary valve->lungs->pulmonary vein->LA->bicuspid valve ->LV->aorta
what was main idea about CR in 1970s
-clinical trial of supervised exercise rehab -all studies showed decreased mortality
treatment of stable angina
-rest 5-10min -risk facto managment
what are the contributors to mycarial infraction? 4 of them
- atherosclerosis
- thrombus
- arterial spasm
- hypovelmic shock
what must IFG or IGT be for prediabetes to be counted
-IFG: at or above 100 IGT: at or above 140
- cardiac catherization
- coronary angiogram
- electrophysiology study
invasive or noninvasive?
- CC: catheter threaded to heart
- identify location and size of fat deposits
- CA: checks arteries for atherosclerosis
- E:inject current to provoke arrythmias
treatment of unstable angina
drugs and/or surgery
what is congestive heart failure
inability to maintain CO
what is: -ventricular tachycardia -ventricular fibrillation -super ventricular tachycardia
-VT: heart beats too fast -VF: cell in vetricle are spazing -SVT: originates within ventricle tissue
echocardiogram noninvasive or invasive?
-use sound waves to create moving image or heart noninvasive
what was main idea about Cr in 2000s
- decrease morbidity and mortality
- focus more on risk factor reduction
- independent living
- education and counseling
restin electrocardio gram invasive or non invasive?
-looking at electric signals of heart -non invasive
stress exercise tolerance test non invasive or invasive?
-looks at hearts response to exercise noninvasive
treatment of variant angina
drugs to control symptoms and inhibit thrombosis formation
S/S of variant angina
-occurs at rest -at morning or night
what are the S/S of acute congestive heart failure
- dyspnea at rest
- orthopnea
- pulmonary congestion
- edema
enhance external counterpulsation (EECP)
- cuffs on calves,lower and upper thigh
- inflate cuffs at begin of diastole and deflate at begin of sytole
- helps releieve angina (last resort)
- non invasive
contributors to CVD 9 of them
-heredity -smoking -HTN -diabetes -high chol -age -endotherlial injury -chemical trauma -hormonal
in phase I of CR what constitutes a “stable” patient
4 things
- no new/recurrent CP in 8 hrs
- no rise in blood markers
- no signs of uncompensated failure
- no new signif abnormal rhythm or EKG changes in past 8 hours
ventricular assit device (VAD) invasive or noninvasive?
mechaincally pumps blood -used when dysfuntion to 1 or both ventricles -invasive
what are the numbers for dyslipidemia to be counted as a risk factor?
LDL: at or above 130
HDL: <40
NEG IF HDL at or above 60
why does variant angina occur?
artery becomes abnormally reactive to vasoconstricting agents -not caused by atherosclerosis
why does unstable angine occur
occlusion of artery but not full occlusion (that would be MI)
what types of heart damage can occur? 3 of them
- mitral valave insufficiceny
- intraventricular septal rupture
- ventricular aneurysm
automatic implatabel cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) invasive or noninvasive?
-delivers internal shock to heart during abnormal rhythm -invasive
how to reduce risk of HTN
- attain recommended body fat levels
- limit alcohol intake
- exercise regularly
- reduce sodium/ saturated fat/ cholesterol intake
- stop smoking
how to manage choelsterol levels
- diestary control
- body fat control
- increase PA
- medication
exercise and diabetes
- improve inculsin sensitivity
- promote fat loss
- improve fat loss
- improve peripheral hemodynamic function
- insulin like effect on body
