Evolutionary Bio Flashcards
natural selection
he studied the animals in the galapagos islands
charles darwin
each species produces more offspring than can survive
fittest offsping survives
on the origin of species
was the one who said that acquired traits were inherited and passed on to the offspring
john baptiste de lamarck
use it or lose it
law of use and disuse
study of fossils
paleontology
study of the distribution of flora and fauna
biogeograpy
study of the development of an organism
embryology
study of the anatomy of various animals
comparative anatomy
similar structure, different function
homologous structures
similar function, different structure
analogous structures
similarity at the molecular level
molecular biology
differences in each person
no two individuals in a population have identical sets of alleles
genetic variability
when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those in the other
directional selection
organisms in a population w/ extreme traits are eliminated
stabilizing selection
favors both the extremes and selects against common traits
disruptive selection
group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and prodcue fertile offspring
species
process by which two unrelated and dissimilar species come to have similar traits because they have been exposed to similar selective pressure
convergent evolution
even with all the shuffling of genes, the relative frequencies of genotypes in a population still prevail over time
hardy-weinberg law
any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival
homeostasis
loops act to oppose the stimulus
negative feedback
moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
positive feedback
when an egg is fertilized by a sperm, it forms a diploid cell called a zygote
morphogenesis
early genes that turn certain cells into future this that
homeotic genes
subset of homeotic genes
hox genes
a programmed cell death
apoptosis
groups of cells that perform the same function
tissue
several tissues that come together to form specialized structures
organ
several organs that come together
body system
carry blood around the body
carry waste away
transport chemical signals
circulatory
gas exchange system
respiratory
break down food and sort nutrients
digestive
mixing and breakdown
stomach
absorption
small intestine
makes enzymes
pancreas
filter blood
reabsorbs thing the body wants to keep
excretory
production of gametes
reproductive
provide structure and protein
muscular and skeletal
body’s defense system
immune system
disease carrying biological agents
pathogens
prokaryotes that come in different shapes and sizes
bacteria
special colony of bacteria inside us
gut bacteria
nonliving agents capable of infecting cells
viruses
collect and process information
nervous system
where is the simplest nervous system found
hydra
developed clumps of nerve cells
ganglia
specialized cells in the brain
functional unit in the nervous system
sends and recieves neural impulses
neurons
brain and the spinal cord
central nervous system
are pre determined decisions that the spinal cord is set to execute
reflex arcs
responsible for maintaining homeostasis
coordinating responses
endocrine system
produced in endocrine glands
regulate growth, behavior and development
hormones
increases level of glucose
produced by A cells
glucagon
produced by B cells
lowers blood sugar
insulin
released by ovaries
regulate menstrual cycle
estrogen and progesterone
production of sperm
responsible for spermatogenesis
testosterone
how organisms cope with their environments
behavior
inborn, unlearned behavior
instincts
process whereby a young animal follow the characteristics of his/her mother after hatching
imprinting
behavioral mechanism in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus
classical conditioning
a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior
operant conditioning
when an animal learns not to respond to stiimulus
habituation
study of the interactions between living things and their envionment
ecology
entire part of the earth hwere living things exist
biosphere
interaction o living and non living things
ecosystem
group of populations interacting in the same area
community
a group of individuals that belong to the same species that interbreed
populatiion
make their own food
producers/ autotrophs
get their energy from things they consume
consumers/heterotrophs
organisms that break down organic matter into simple products
decomposers
predictable procession of plant communities over time
ecological succession
process of ecological succession wherein no previous organisms have existed
primary succession
hardy species that are first to colonize barren environments
the pioneers
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide
greenhouse effect
when land is overgrazed by animals, grasslands turn into deserts
desertification
