Biology

Question 1

cell is life’s basic unit of structure and function

smallest unit that carry out all the activities necessary for life

Answer 1

cell theory

Question 2

important part of the organization of unicellular and multicellular organisms

Answer 2

compartmentalization

Question 3

smaller than eukaryotic
simple
doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles
may also have ribosomes

Answer 3

prokaryotic cell

Question 4

more complex

organized into smalller structures called organelles

Answer 4

eukaryotic cell

Question 5

outer envelope
double-layered structure made up of phospholipids and proteins
regulates the movement of substances

Answer 5

plasma membrane

Question 6

control center of the cell
responsible for cell’s reproduction
home of the dna

Answer 6

nucleus

Question 7

most visible
where rna is made
where ribosomes are assembled

Answer 7

nucleolus

Question 8

site of protein synthesis
round structures
composed of rna and proteins
free floating or attached to the er

Answer 8

ribosomes

Question 9

continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm

Answer 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

region of ER studded with ribosomes

used to build golgi bodies, lysosomes, or the er

Answer 10

rough ER

Question 11

lacks ribosomes
makes lipids, hormones, and steroids
breaks down toxic chemicals

Answer 11

smooth ER

Question 12

modify, process, and sort the products of the synthesized proteins
“packaging and distribution centers”

Answer 12

golgi bodies

Question 13

powerhouse of the cell

converts energy from organic molecule to useful energy for the cell

Answer 13

mitochondria

Question 14

energy molecule in the cell

Answer 14

adenosine triphosphate

Question 15

carry digestive enzymes
helps keep cytoplasm clear of unwanted flotsam
contains hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 15

lysosomes

Question 16

small, paired, cylindrical structures
help chromosomes separate during cell division
found within microtubule organizing centers

Answer 16

centrioles

Question 17

“empty cavity”

fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes

Answer 17

vacuoles

Question 18

organelles that detoxify various substances

produces hydrogen peroxide

Answer 18

perooxisomes

Question 19

network fibers that determine the shape of the cell

Answer 19

cytoskeleton

Question 20

made up of protein tubulin

integral part of centrioles, cilia, flagella

Answer 20

microtubules

Question 21

threadlike structures best known for their locomotive properties in single-celled organisms

Answer 21

cilia and flagella

Question 22

passage of diffusion of water

movement of solvent to dilute solute

Answer 22

osmosis

Question 23

substances are brought into the cell

cell membrane engulfs susbtance and forms vesicle

Answer 23

endocytosis

Question 24

cell ingests liquid (cell drinking)

Answer 24

pinocytosis

Question 25

cell takes in solid (cell eating)

Answer 25

phagocytosis

Question 26

inward budding of plasma membrane | involves cell surface receptors and endocytic pits

Answer 26

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 27

one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure

Answer 27

bulk flow

Question 28

separating molecules in solution | diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 28

dialysis

Question 29

"reverse endocytosis" | cell ejects waste such as hormones by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

Answer 29

exocytosis

Question 30

provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells

Answer 30

cell junction

Question 31

hold adjacent animal cells tightly to each otther

Answer 31

desmosomes

Question 32

protein complexes that form channels in membranes and allow communication between cytoplasm and adj animal cells

Answer 32

gap junctions

Question 33

tight connections between membranes of adj animal cells

Answer 33

tight junctions

Question 34

turning reponse to a stimuus

Answer 34

tropism

Question 35

how plants respond to sunlight

Answer 35

phototropism

Question 36

how plants respond to gravity

Answer 36

gravitropism

Question 37

ow plants react to touch

Answer 37

thightropism

Question 38

how plants respond to light/dark cycles and seasonal changes

Answer 38

photoperiodism

Question 39

process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy

Answer 39

photosynthesis

Question 40

primary sight of photosynthesis

Answer 40

chloroplasts

Question 41

light absorbing pigment that drives photosynthesis

Answer 41

chlorophyll

Question 42

oxygen is present atp is made the krebs (citric acid) cycle

Answer 42

aerobic respiration

Question 43

done without oxygen

Answer 43

anaerobic respiration

Question 44

blueprint of life | hereditary blueprint of the cell

Answer 44

dna

Question 45

pentagon shaped sugar

Answer 45

deoxyribose

Question 46

purine

Answer 46

adenine

Question 47

double ringed nitrigenous base

Answer 47

guanine

Question 48

pyrimidine

Answer 48

cytosine

Question 49

single ringed nitrogenous base

Answer 49

thymine

Question 50

order of the four base pairs in dna

Answer 50

genetic code

Question 51

the human genome has around how many genes?

Answer 51

20,000

Question 52

unwinds double helix into two strands

Answer 52

dna helicase

Question 53

adds nucleotides to an existing strand

Answer 53

dna polymerase

Question 54

brings together the okazaki fragments

Answer 54

dna ligase

Question 55

cuts and rejoins the helix

Answer 55

topoisomerase

Question 56

catalyzes the synthesis of rna primers

Answer 56

rna primase

Question 57

core belief or set of ideas | flow of info from dna-rna-protein

Answer 57

central dogma/biology

Question 58

single stranded | replaces dna during protein synthesis

Answer 58

rna

Question 59

temporary version of dna

Answer 59

mrna

Question 60

produced in the nucleolus | makes up part of the ribosomes

Answer 60

rrna

Question 61

shuttles amino acids to the ribososmes

Answer 61

trna

Question 62

making an rna copy of a bit of the dna

Answer 62

transcription

Question 63

process of turning mrna into protein

Answer 63

translation

Question 64

three nucleotides is called a...

Answer 64

codon

Question 65

error in the genetic code

Answer 65

mutation

Question 66

process of giving bacteria foreign dna

Answer 66

transformation

Question 67

time span from ne cell division to another | the cell has not yet started to divide

Answer 67

interphase

Question 68

most important phase in interphase | the cell replicates its genetic material

Answer 68

s phase

Question 69

when normal cells start behaving and growing very abnormally and spread to other parts of the body mean crab

Answer 69

cancer

Question 70

genes that can convert normal cells into cancerous cells

Answer 70

oncogenes

Question 71

the period when the cell divides to produce daughter cells that are identical copies of the parent cell to maintain proper number of chromosomes form generation to generations like begets like occurs in every cell except sex cells

Answer 71

mitosis

Question 72

cell preps to divide condensation of the chromatin reticulum disappearance of the nucleolus

Answer 72

prophase

Question 73

chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane

Answer 73

metaphase

Question 74

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and migrate to two opposite poles

Answer 74

anaphase

Question 75

sister chromatid of the chromosomes separate at the centromere

Answer 75

anaphase

Question 76

the nuclear membrane is ready to divide | cells split into two distinct daughter cells

Answer 76

telophase

Question 77

splitting of the cytoplasm

Answer 77

cytokinesis

Question 78

two sets of chromosomes

Answer 78

haploid cells

Question 79

one set of chromosomes

Answer 79

diploid cells

Question 80

duplicate version of each chromosome

Answer 80

homologous chromosomes

Question 81

special haploid cells or sex cells

Answer 81

gametes

Question 82

production of gametes | important in genetic variation

Answer 82

meiosis

Question 83

male gonads

Answer 83

testes

Question 84

female gonads

Answer 84

ovaries

Question 85

driving force of evolutionn

Answer 85

variation

Question 86

the chromosomes line up side by side with their counterparts

Answer 86

synapsis

Question 87

produces 4 haploid cells

Answer 87

telophase 2 | `

Question 88

also known as meiosis

Answer 88

gametogenesis

Question 89

production of sperm cells

Answer 89

spermatogenesis

Question 90

production of egg cell or ovum

Answer 90

oogenesis

Question 91

failure of chromosomes to split during meiosis

Answer 91

nondisjunction

Question 92

study of heredity

Answer 92

genetics

Question 93

expressed characteristics

Answer 93

traits

Question 94

a chunk of dna that codes for a particular recipe

Answer 94

genes

Question 95

position of a gene in a chromosome

Answer 95

locus

Question 96

two identical alleles

Answer 96

homozygous

Question 97

two different alleles

Answer 97

heterozygous

Question 98

physical appearance

Answer 98

phenotype

Question 99

genetic makeup

Answer 99

genotype

Question 100

patterns of inheritance that are characteristics of organisms that reproduce sexually

Answer 100

mendelian genetics

Question 101

one trait masks the effect of the other trait

Answer 101

law of dominance

Question 102

when two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits are crossed

Answer 102

monohybrid cross

Question 103

each gamete only gets one of the two copies of a gen

Answer 103

law of segragation

Question 104

genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

Answer 104

law of independent assortment

Question 105

two heterozygotes for two genes are crossed

Answer 105

dihybrid cross

Question 106

a way to explore the genotype of an organism

Answer 106

test cross

Question 107

the dominant allele does not dominate the recessive allele entirely

Answer 107

incomplete dominance

Question 108

a relationship between two versions of a gene

Answer 108

codominance

Question 109

the trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes

Answer 109

polygenic inheritance

Question 110

the offspring get dna only from the female or male parent

Answer 110

non-nuclear inheritance

Question 111

genes in the same chromosome stay together during assortment

Answer 111

linked genes

Question 112

when a single nucleotide base is substituted for another

Answer 112

base substitution

Question 113

causes the original codon to become a stop codon

Answer 113

nonsense mutations

Question 114

causes the original codon to be altered and produce a different amino acid

Answer 114

missense mutations

Question 115

when a codon that codes for the same amino acid is created and does not change the corresponding protein sequence

Answer 115

silent mutations

Question 116

result in the gain or lose respectively

Answer 116

insertion and deletion

Question 117

when changes occur in the orientation of chromosomal regions

Answer 117

inversions

Question 118

can result in an extra copy of genes | unequal crossing over during meiosis

Answer 118

duplications

Question 119

occur when a portion of two different chromosomes break and rejoin in a way that causes the DNA sequence or gene to be lost

Answer 119

translocations

Question 120

generated by combining dna from multiple sources to create a unique dna molecule that is not found in nature

Answer 120

recombinant dna

Question 121

making many copies of dna in vitro

Answer 121

polymerase chanin reaction