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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell is life’s basic unit of structure and function

smallest unit that carry out all the activities necessary for life

A

cell theory

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2
Q

important part of the organization of unicellular and multicellular organisms

A

compartmentalization

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3
Q

smaller than eukaryotic
simple
doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles
may also have ribosomes

A

prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

more complex

organized into smalller structures called organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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5
Q

outer envelope
double-layered structure made up of phospholipids and proteins
regulates the movement of substances

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

control center of the cell
responsible for cell’s reproduction
home of the dna

A

nucleus

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7
Q

most visible
where rna is made
where ribosomes are assembled

A

nucleolus

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8
Q

site of protein synthesis
round structures
composed of rna and proteins
free floating or attached to the er

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

region of ER studded with ribosomes

used to build golgi bodies, lysosomes, or the er

A

rough ER

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11
Q

lacks ribosomes
makes lipids, hormones, and steroids
breaks down toxic chemicals

A

smooth ER

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12
Q

modify, process, and sort the products of the synthesized proteins
“packaging and distribution centers”

A

golgi bodies

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13
Q

powerhouse of the cell

converts energy from organic molecule to useful energy for the cell

A

mitochondria

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14
Q

energy molecule in the cell

A

adenosine triphosphate

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15
Q

carry digestive enzymes
helps keep cytoplasm clear of unwanted flotsam
contains hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

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16
Q

small, paired, cylindrical structures
help chromosomes separate during cell division
found within microtubule organizing centers

A

centrioles

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17
Q

“empty cavity”

fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes

A

vacuoles

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18
Q

organelles that detoxify various substances

produces hydrogen peroxide

A

perooxisomes

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19
Q

network fibers that determine the shape of the cell

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q

made up of protein tubulin

integral part of centrioles, cilia, flagella

A

microtubules

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21
Q

threadlike structures best known for their locomotive properties in single-celled organisms

A

cilia and flagella

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22
Q

passage of diffusion of water

movement of solvent to dilute solute

A

osmosis

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23
Q

substances are brought into the cell

cell membrane engulfs susbtance and forms vesicle

A

endocytosis

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24
Q

cell ingests liquid (cell drinking)

A

pinocytosis

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25
Q

cell takes in solid (cell eating)

A

phagocytosis

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26
Q

inward budding of plasma membrane

involves cell surface receptors and endocytic pits

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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27
Q

one-way movement of fluids brought about by pressure

A

bulk flow

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28
Q

separating molecules in solution

diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane

A

dialysis

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29
Q

“reverse endocytosis”

cell ejects waste such as hormones by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

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30
Q

provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells

A

cell junction

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31
Q

hold adjacent animal cells tightly to each otther

A

desmosomes

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32
Q

protein complexes that form channels in membranes and allow communication between cytoplasm and adj animal cells

A

gap junctions

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33
Q

tight connections between membranes of adj animal cells

A

tight junctions

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34
Q

turning reponse to a stimuus

A

tropism

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35
Q

how plants respond to sunlight

A

phototropism

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36
Q

how plants respond to gravity

A

gravitropism

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37
Q

ow plants react to touch

A

thightropism

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38
Q

how plants respond to light/dark cycles and seasonal changes

A

photoperiodism

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39
Q

process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy

A

photosynthesis

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40
Q

primary sight of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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41
Q

light absorbing pigment that drives photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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42
Q

oxygen is present
atp is made
the krebs (citric acid) cycle

A

aerobic respiration

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43
Q

done without oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

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44
Q

blueprint of life

hereditary blueprint of the cell

A

dna

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45
Q

pentagon shaped sugar

A

deoxyribose

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46
Q

purine

A

adenine

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47
Q

double ringed nitrigenous base

A

guanine

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48
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine

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49
Q

single ringed nitrogenous base

A

thymine

50
Q

order of the four base pairs in dna

A

genetic code

51
Q

the human genome has around how many genes?

A

20,000

52
Q

unwinds double helix into two strands

A

dna helicase

53
Q

adds nucleotides to an existing strand

A

dna polymerase

54
Q

brings together the okazaki fragments

A

dna ligase

55
Q

cuts and rejoins the helix

A

topoisomerase

56
Q

catalyzes the synthesis of rna primers

A

rna primase

57
Q

core belief or set of ideas

flow of info from dna-rna-protein

A

central dogma/biology

58
Q

single stranded

replaces dna during protein synthesis

A

rna

59
Q

temporary version of dna

A

mrna

60
Q

produced in the nucleolus

makes up part of the ribosomes

A

rrna

61
Q

shuttles amino acids to the ribososmes

A

trna

62
Q

making an rna copy of a bit of the dna

A

transcription

63
Q

process of turning mrna into protein

A

translation

64
Q

three nucleotides is called a…

A

codon

65
Q

error in the genetic code

A

mutation

66
Q

process of giving bacteria foreign dna

A

transformation

67
Q

time span from ne cell division to another

the cell has not yet started to divide

A

interphase

68
Q

most important phase in interphase

the cell replicates its genetic material

A

s phase

69
Q

when normal cells start behaving and growing very abnormally and spread to other parts of the body
mean crab

A

cancer

70
Q

genes that can convert normal cells into cancerous cells

A

oncogenes

71
Q

the period when the cell divides
to produce daughter cells that are identical copies of the parent cell
to maintain proper number of chromosomes form generation to generations
like begets like
occurs in every cell except sex cells

A

mitosis

72
Q

cell preps to divide
condensation of the chromatin reticulum
disappearance of the nucleolus

A

prophase

73
Q

chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane

A

metaphase

74
Q

sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and migrate to two opposite poles

A

anaphase

75
Q

sister chromatid of the chromosomes separate at the centromere

A

anaphase

76
Q

the nuclear membrane is ready to divide

cells split into two distinct daughter cells

A

telophase

77
Q

splitting of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

78
Q

two sets of chromosomes

A

haploid cells

79
Q

one set of chromosomes

A

diploid cells

80
Q

duplicate version of each chromosome

A

homologous chromosomes

81
Q

special haploid cells or sex cells

A

gametes

82
Q

production of gametes

important in genetic variation

A

meiosis

83
Q

male gonads

A

testes

84
Q

female gonads

A

ovaries

85
Q

driving force of evolutionn

A

variation

86
Q

the chromosomes line up side by side with their counterparts

A

synapsis

87
Q

produces 4 haploid cells

A

telophase 2

`

88
Q

also known as meiosis

A

gametogenesis

89
Q

production of sperm cells

A

spermatogenesis

90
Q

production of egg cell or ovum

A

oogenesis

91
Q

failure of chromosomes to split during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

92
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

93
Q

expressed characteristics

A

traits

94
Q

a chunk of dna that codes for a particular recipe

A

genes

95
Q

position of a gene in a chromosome

A

locus

96
Q

two identical alleles

A

homozygous

97
Q

two different alleles

A

heterozygous

98
Q

physical appearance

A

phenotype

99
Q

genetic makeup

A

genotype

100
Q

patterns of inheritance that are characteristics of organisms that reproduce sexually

A

mendelian genetics

101
Q

one trait masks the effect of the other trait

A

law of dominance

102
Q

when two individuals that are heterozygous for two traits are crossed

A

monohybrid cross

103
Q

each gamete only gets one of the two copies of a gen

A

law of segragation

104
Q

genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

A

law of independent assortment

105
Q

two heterozygotes for two genes are crossed

A

dihybrid cross

106
Q

a way to explore the genotype of an organism

A

test cross

107
Q

the dominant allele does not dominate the recessive allele entirely

A

incomplete dominance

108
Q

a relationship between two versions of a gene

A

codominance

109
Q

the trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes

A

polygenic inheritance

110
Q

the offspring get dna only from the female or male parent

A

non-nuclear inheritance

111
Q

genes in the same chromosome stay together during assortment

A

linked genes

112
Q

when a single nucleotide base is substituted for another

A

base substitution

113
Q

causes the original codon to become a stop codon

A

nonsense mutations

114
Q

causes the original codon to be altered and produce a different amino acid

A

missense mutations

115
Q

when a codon that codes for the same amino acid is created and does not change the corresponding protein sequence

A

silent mutations

116
Q

result in the gain or lose respectively

A

insertion and deletion

117
Q

when changes occur in the orientation of chromosomal regions

A

inversions

118
Q

can result in an extra copy of genes

unequal crossing over during meiosis

A

duplications

119
Q

occur when a portion of two different chromosomes break and rejoin in a way that causes the DNA sequence or gene to be lost

A

translocations

120
Q

generated by combining dna from multiple sources to create a unique dna molecule that is not found in nature

A

recombinant dna

121
Q

making many copies of dna in vitro

A

polymerase chanin reaction

Biology (6 decks)

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