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PE paper 3 > evolution of modern sport > Flashcards

evolution of modern sport Flashcards

1
Q

when was pre-industrial Britain?

A

< 1840

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2
Q

when was post-industrial Britain?

A

1850-1899

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3
Q

when was 20th century Britain?

A

1900-1999

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4
Q

when is the 21st century?

A

2000-now

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5
Q

what are the 7 social and cultural factors effecting sport?

A

social class
gender
law and order
availability of money
availability of time
transport

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6
Q

what was social class like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

society was split into upper class (aristocracy/ gentry) and lower class (peasants).
was decision was decided by birth

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7
Q

how did social class effect sport in pre-industrial Britain?

A

different classes took part in different activities or had different roles/ positions.
the nature of activities was different. working class played simple, violent games with limited rules

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8
Q

what was gender equality like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

women were seen as the weaker sex and had less rights. expected to fulfil traditional role in the house, cooking, cleaning, children looking after.

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9
Q

what was gender equality like in sport in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower participation for women
different genders participated in different activities
women did non aggressive sports
women had to be dressed had to toe in modest clothing
women had less time to participate as looking after children

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10
Q

what was law and order like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

minimum law and order
lack of police force to enforce laws

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11
Q

what was law and order like in sport in per-industrial Britain?

A

many sports had limited rules and regulations
rules were localised
nothing was illegal (including gambling and animal cruelty)

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12
Q

what was education like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

only upper class boys were educated and literate.
working class and females were illiterate

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13
Q

how did education in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

working class could only play simple sports with limited unwritten rules
upper class could play games with lots of rules

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14
Q

what was availability of time like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class didn’t have much time due to working 75 hours a week.
upper class had lots of time

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15
Q

how did availability of time in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

lower class could only participate on bank holidays which there were few of.

lower class had no energy after long working hours so only short activities.

upper class had loads of time to participate

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16
Q

what was availability of money like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class lived off the land, upper class had disposable income

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17
Q

how did availability of money in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

upper class could afford expensive equipment and specialised facilities or transport to get there
lower class had to use natural facilities and equipment

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18
Q

what was transport like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

upper class had horse and carts
lower class had to walk
poor road conditions

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19
Q

how did transport in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

many upper class built sports facilities at home to avoid poor road conditions
transport formed basis of some sports (pedestrianism)
lower class had to play locally and didn’t have standardised rules.

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20
Q

what are some examples of sports played in pre-industrial Britain?

A

mob football, animal baiting, hunting, fighting, real tennis, cricket, pedestrianism

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21
Q

what is mob football?

A

earliest form of football and rugby
mass game with few rules and equipment
violent
lower class peasant males

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22
Q

who took part in fox hunting in pre-industrial Britain?

A

upper class

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23
Q

who took part in bare knuckle fighting or dog fighting in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class

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24
Q

what’s real tennis?

A

first form of tennis originating from France
long lasting game
very complicated rules, only for upper class men
expensive equipment and facilities

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25
what was cricket like in pre-industrial Britain?
mostly upper class lower class were allowed labouring roles like bowling and fielding plenty of space due to rural land often associated with public houses (pubs)
26
what's pedestrianism?
came from the occupation of footmen who ran alongside the horse and cart to ensure it didn't overturn on rough roads competitive race walking upper class would bet on their own footmen lower class participate
27
what's the holy day fair/ wake?
occur on religious holidays- only free time for working class range of events that brings the village together based around public houses (pubs) separate events for women (smock race, archery for upper class) other activities: drinking contests, catching pigs, bare knuckle fighting, animal baiting.
28
when was the industrial revolution and what happened during it?
1850-1900 urbanisation
29
what's urbanisation?
growth of cities, lack of free open space.
30
what was social class like in post-industrial Britain?
introduction of the middle class (factory owners)
31
what was social class like in sport in post-industrial Britain?
different classes played different sports or different roles. introduction of professionalism in the lower class Saturday half day for lower class to play in the factory team working class still had much less access to sport all upper class amateurs
32
what was gender equality like in post-industrial Britain?
women were still expected to run a family and be ladylike however there was growing equality in education, work and voting
33
what was gender equality like in sport in post-industrial Britain?
gradual increase in women participation however still lower participation then men
34
what was law and order like in post-industrial Britain?
development of the police force and therefore more defined laws and a sense of order in society RSPCA was formed and laws were created by upper and middle classes.
35
what was law and order like in sport in post-industrial Britain?
decline in violent sports/ animal baiting controlled gambling limited changes to cruel activities for upper class as they made the laws codification of sports brought rules and regulations
36
what was education like in post-industrial Britain?
upper class boys went to 19th century public schools (private education) state education came into place for working class and females in 1870
37
how did education in post-industrial Britain impact sport?
increased an access to a range of sports for working class as education increased understanding sports became codified and rules could be formed
38
what was availability of time like in post-industrial Britain?
lower class had more time due to the working week changed to 57 hours a week and 6 days lower class still not as much free time as upper class
39
how did availability of time in post industrial Britain impact sport?
increased participation of lower class due to shortened working hours Saturday half day for factory sports team, increased participation lower class still had less time to play compared to upper class so had lower participation
40
what was transport like in post industrial Britain?
railways were developed along with some water based transport, improved quality of roads
41
how did transport in post industrial Britain impact sport?
possibility for some national/ international fixtures regular fixtures through leagues/ cups increased opportunities to play different sports helped develop standardised rules
42
what was availability of money like in post industrial Britain?
woking conditions were still poor with low pay and no paid holiday for working class however some sports started to offer professional contracts
43
how did availability of money in post industrial Britain impact sport?
working class still lacked disposable income so couldn't access certain sports professionalism increased access for working class
44
what's the cult of athleticism?
the growing craze of playing sport and developing physical endeavour and moral integrity through sport
45
what's physical endeavour?
effort
46
what's moral integrity?
fair play, honourable, good sportsmanship, truthful
47
what was the impact of the cult of athleticism on sport?
encouraged effort over winning encouraged development of codified sport encouraged fair play and sportsmanship developed leagues
48
why were 19th century schools so influential in promoting and organising sports?
had money for facilities, equipment and coaching spent time on sport- boarding school influence of the head teachers who were well respected students developed rules, codified sports house structured competitions formation of old boys network- old pupils spreading the sport
49
ways the old boys network spread sports
university army officers- spread internationally parents- sent children to same school teachers- promoting importance of sport priest/ clergy- travel internationally industrialists- become factory owners, make a team community leaders- eg. politician
50
what was social class like in 20th century Britain?
social class divisions become more vague but still there
51
how did social class in 20th century Britain affect sport?
different sports participated by different classes professionalism continued to increase, generally associated with the working class upper and middle class still had access to more sports due to time and money middle class had even more opportunities through grammar school creation of public facilities created more equality
52
what was gender like in 20th century Britain?
more rights for women in society including education, work , right to vote some sports still wouldn't allow women to participate eg. golf
53
how did gender in 20th century Britain impact sport?
continued increase of women participation still less women participating then men many women's sports lack professionalism due to lack of spectators
54
what was law and order like in 20th century Britain?
fully established laws and a sense of order in both society and sport
55
how did law and order in 20th century Britain impact sport?
still no effect on 'cruel' activities for the upper class sports now fully codified with minor rule changes made to reduce any remaining violence.
56
what was availability of money like in 20th century Britain?
introduction of holiday pay and better pay for the working class
57
how did availability of money in 20th century Britain impact sport?
increased disposable income leads to increased participation and spectatorism for working class introduction of public sports facilities improved equality professionalism grew for working class working class still didn't have enough money for some sports
58
what was education like in 20th century Britain?
in 1944, PE was made compulsory in all schools grammar schools also developed that required an academic test to enter
59
how did education in 20th century Britain impact sport?
increased participation due to compulsory PE and increased sport in schools grammar schools had access to a wide variety of expensive sports
60
what was availability of time like in 20th century Britain?
a dramatic decrease in the average working hours a week to 40 hours introduction of paid holiday
61
how did availability of time in 20th century Britain impact sport?
increased leisure time meant increased participation and spectatorship from working class less working hours meant more energy to participate more and paid holiday means more time for participation
62
what was transport like in 20th century Britain?
transport became available to everyone which made sport more accessible cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes, bikes
63
how did transport in 20th century Britain impact sport?
increased participation and increased accessibility to all sports increase in competitive fixtures, leagues and competitions increase in international events increased spectatorism as people can travel widely
64
what is social class like in 21st century Britain?
social class divisions are much less defined more fluidity for people to move up and down classes no longer decided by birth
65
how has social class in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
although much less defined, some sports are still associated with classes some sports are still effected by access broad spread of classes are now professional social mobility can be achieved through sport
66
what is gender equality like in 21st century Britain?
issues such as sexism and discrimination is increasing challenged using role models through the media
67
how has gender equality in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
increased women participation but still not as high as men women can now participate in 'men' sports however genderising activities is still common some sports have equal prize money/ wages but most don't increased professional contracts and wider roles in sport taken by females
68
what is law and order like in 21st century Britain?
knowledge of peoples legal rights has increased
69
how has law and order in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
sport specific legislations created increased legal action from violence in sport racial and gender equality laws are reducing discrimination in sport increased legal focus on match fixing
70
pros for the equality act in sport
equal opportunities means its fair increased female participation and role models to inspire others challenge stereotypes in sport
71
cons of the equality act in sport
takes money away from male sports going to take years to catch up with men sports might not actually work still have gendering of activities not a sport specific legislation
72
what is education like in 21st century Britain?
still public and grammar schools PE is still compulsory increased opportunity with options to take GCSE and A level PE
73
how had education in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
inter and intra sport competitions PE and sport qualifications have increased in variety and availability fee paying schools still offer a wider range of sporting opportunities
74
what is availability of time like in 21st century Britain?
due to technological advancements, more free time and more flexible working hours in workplaces
75
how has availability of time in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
even more leisure time, increasing participation
76
what is availability of money like in 21st century Britain?
global recession has effected the amount of money people have
77
how has availability of money in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
less money being spent on sports meaning slight decrease in participation some sports have declined in participation due to cost decreased number of spectators
78
what is transport like in 21st century Britain?
people now own a car within their household public transport is more widely available cheap air fairs
79
how has transport in 21st century Britain impacted sport?
increased participation as its increased accessibility regular fixtures, leagues, competitions increased spectatorism as people can travel more widely
80
what is globalisation?
creation of sport into a worldwide business required world wide media coverage an freedom of movement for participants and spectators
81
what is freedom of movement?
international laws that allow athletes and spectators to move between countries for international sports
82
what is the effect of freedom of movement on sport?
athletes can 'work' abroad- premier league players coming from other countries athletes can 'train' abroad- altitude/ heat training allows teams to tour allows spectators to travel and watch fixtures allows regular international fixtures can increase the fan base of a team internationally
83
what are the characteristics of globalised sport?
extensive worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms freedom of movement of players regular international fixtures sport as a worldwide business that generates income teams and spectators can travel to compete at home and abroad
84
pros of media coverage in sport
increases commercialisation- golden triangle, so more money is available to sport increases participation can view sport around the whole world at any time and place increased standards of play as increased professionalism players are able to earn high salaries increased spectatorism through watching at home creation of role models increased profile for minority sports increased technology- increased fairness new rules and version of sports making it exciting to watch helps educate about sport
85
cons of media coverage in sport
media demands control of sports/ performers can cause deviant behaviour eg. doping more people spectating then participating loss of privacy for sports stars media highlights issues in and out of the game which reflect badly on the sport biased towards male/ able bodied sports some negative role models new rules go against tradition increased officiating technology has slowed down the game negative sponsors eg. alcohol
86
what's muscular Christianity?
a combination of godliness and manliness- to play sport hard and for the glory of god

PE paper 3 (6 decks)

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