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PE paper 3 > evolution of modern sport > Flashcards

evolution of modern sport Flashcards

1
Q

when was pre-industrial Britain?

A

< 1840

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2
Q

when was post-industrial Britain?

A

1850-1899

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3
Q

when was 20th century Britain?

A

1900-1999

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4
Q

when is the 21st century?

A

2000-now

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5
Q

what are the 7 social and cultural factors effecting sport?

A

social class
gender
law and order
availability of money
availability of time
transport

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6
Q

what was social class like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

society was split into upper class (aristocracy/ gentry) and lower class (peasants).
was decision was decided by birth

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7
Q

how did social class effect sport in pre-industrial Britain?

A

different classes took part in different activities or had different roles/ positions.
the nature of activities was different. working class played simple, violent games with limited rules

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8
Q

what was gender equality like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

women were seen as the weaker sex and had less rights. expected to fulfil traditional role in the house, cooking, cleaning, children looking after.

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9
Q

what was gender equality like in sport in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower participation for women
different genders participated in different activities
women did non aggressive sports
women had to be dressed had to toe in modest clothing
women had less time to participate as looking after children

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10
Q

what was law and order like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

minimum law and order
lack of police force to enforce laws

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11
Q

what was law and order like in sport in per-industrial Britain?

A

many sports had limited rules and regulations
rules were localised
nothing was illegal (including gambling and animal cruelty)

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12
Q

what was education like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

only upper class boys were educated and literate.
working class and females were illiterate

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13
Q

how did education in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

working class could only play simple sports with limited unwritten rules
upper class could play games with lots of rules

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14
Q

what was availability of time like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class didn’t have much time due to working 75 hours a week.
upper class had lots of time

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15
Q

how did availability of time in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

lower class could only participate on bank holidays which there were few of.

lower class had no energy after long working hours so only short activities.

upper class had loads of time to participate

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16
Q

what was availability of money like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class lived off the land, upper class had disposable income

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17
Q

how did availability of money in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

upper class could afford expensive equipment and specialised facilities or transport to get there
lower class had to use natural facilities and equipment

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18
Q

what was transport like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

upper class had horse and carts
lower class had to walk
poor road conditions

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19
Q

how did transport in pre-industrial Britain effect sport?

A

many upper class built sports facilities at home to avoid poor road conditions
transport formed basis of some sports (pedestrianism)
lower class had to play locally and didn’t have standardised rules.

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20
Q

what are some examples of sports played in pre-industrial Britain?

A

mob football, animal baiting, hunting, fighting, real tennis, cricket, pedestrianism

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21
Q

what is mob football?

A

earliest form of football and rugby
mass game with few rules and equipment
violent
lower class peasant males

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22
Q

who took part in fox hunting in pre-industrial Britain?

A

upper class

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23
Q

who took part in bare knuckle fighting or dog fighting in pre-industrial Britain?

A

lower class

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24
Q

what’s real tennis?

A

first form of tennis originating from France
long lasting game
very complicated rules, only for upper class men
expensive equipment and facilities

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25
Q

what was cricket like in pre-industrial Britain?

A

mostly upper class
lower class were allowed labouring roles like bowling and fielding
plenty of space due to rural land
often associated with public houses (pubs)

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26
Q

what’s pedestrianism?

A

came from the occupation of footmen who ran alongside the horse and cart to ensure it didn’t overturn on rough roads
competitive race walking
upper class would bet on their own footmen
lower class participate

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27
Q

what’s the holy day fair/ wake?

A

occur on religious holidays- only free time for working class
range of events that brings the village together
based around public houses (pubs)
separate events for women (smock race, archery for upper class)
other activities: drinking contests, catching pigs, bare knuckle fighting, animal baiting.

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28
Q

when was the industrial revolution and what happened during it?

A

1850-1900
urbanisation

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29
Q

what’s urbanisation?

A

growth of cities, lack of free open space.

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30
Q

what was social class like in post-industrial Britain?

A

introduction of the middle class (factory owners)

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31
Q

what was social class like in sport in post-industrial Britain?

A

different classes played different sports or different roles.
introduction of professionalism in the lower class
Saturday half day for lower class to play in the factory team
working class still had much less access to sport
all upper class amateurs

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32
Q

what was gender equality like in post-industrial Britain?

A

women were still expected to run a family and be ladylike however there was growing equality in education, work and voting

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33
Q

what was gender equality like in sport in post-industrial Britain?

A

gradual increase in women participation however still lower participation then men

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34
Q

what was law and order like in post-industrial Britain?

A

development of the police force and therefore more defined laws and a sense of order in society
RSPCA was formed and laws were created by upper and middle classes.

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35
Q

what was law and order like in sport in post-industrial Britain?

A

decline in violent sports/ animal baiting
controlled gambling
limited changes to cruel activities for upper class as they made the laws
codification of sports brought rules and regulations

36
Q

what was education like in post-industrial Britain?

A

upper class boys went to 19th century public schools (private education)
state education came into place for working class and females in 1870

37
Q

how did education in post-industrial Britain impact sport?

A

increased an access to a range of sports for working class as education increased understanding
sports became codified and rules could be formed

38
Q

what was availability of time like in post-industrial Britain?

A

lower class had more time due to the working week changed to 57 hours a week and 6 days
lower class still not as much free time as upper class

39
Q

how did availability of time in post industrial Britain impact sport?

A

increased participation of lower class due to shortened working hours
Saturday half day for factory sports team, increased participation
lower class still had less time to play compared to upper class so had lower participation

40
Q

what was transport like in post industrial Britain?

A

railways were developed along with some water based transport, improved quality of roads

41
Q

how did transport in post industrial Britain impact sport?

A

possibility for some national/ international fixtures
regular fixtures through leagues/ cups
increased opportunities to play different sports
helped develop standardised rules

42
Q

what was availability of money like in post industrial Britain?

A

woking conditions were still poor with low pay and no paid holiday for working class however some sports started to offer professional contracts

43
Q

how did availability of money in post industrial Britain impact sport?

A

working class still lacked disposable income so couldn’t access certain sports
professionalism increased access for working class

44
Q

what’s the cult of athleticism?

A

the growing craze of playing sport and developing physical endeavour and moral integrity through sport

45
Q

what’s physical endeavour?

A

effort

46
Q

what’s moral integrity?

A

fair play, honourable, good sportsmanship, truthful

47
Q

what was the impact of the cult of athleticism on sport?

A

encouraged effort over winning
encouraged development of codified sport
encouraged fair play and sportsmanship
developed leagues

48
Q

why were 19th century schools so influential in promoting and organising sports?

A

had money for facilities, equipment and coaching
spent time on sport- boarding school
influence of the head teachers who were well respected
students developed rules, codified sports
house structured competitions
formation of old boys network- old pupils spreading the sport

49
Q

ways the old boys network spread sports

A

university
army officers- spread internationally
parents- sent children to same school
teachers- promoting importance of sport
priest/ clergy- travel internationally
industrialists- become factory owners, make a team
community leaders- eg. politician

50
Q

what was social class like in 20th century Britain?

A

social class divisions become more vague but still there

51
Q

how did social class in 20th century Britain affect sport?

A

different sports participated by different classes
professionalism continued to increase, generally associated with the working class
upper and middle class still had access to more sports due to time and money
middle class had even more opportunities through grammar school
creation of public facilities created more equality

52
Q

what was gender like in 20th century Britain?

A

more rights for women in society including education, work , right to vote
some sports still wouldn’t allow women to participate eg. golf

53
Q

how did gender in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

continued increase of women participation
still less women participating then men
many women’s sports lack professionalism due to lack of spectators

54
Q

what was law and order like in 20th century Britain?

A

fully established laws and a sense of order in both society and sport

55
Q

how did law and order in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

still no effect on ‘cruel’ activities for the upper class
sports now fully codified with minor rule changes made to reduce any remaining violence.

56
Q

what was availability of money like in 20th century Britain?

A

introduction of holiday pay and better pay for the working class

57
Q

how did availability of money in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

increased disposable income leads to increased participation and spectatorism for working class
introduction of public sports facilities improved equality
professionalism grew for working class
working class still didn’t have enough money for some sports

58
Q

what was education like in 20th century Britain?

A

in 1944, PE was made compulsory in all schools
grammar schools also developed that required an academic test to enter

59
Q

how did education in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

increased participation due to compulsory PE and increased sport in schools
grammar schools had access to a wide variety of expensive sports

60
Q

what was availability of time like in 20th century Britain?

A

a dramatic decrease in the average working hours a week to 40 hours
introduction of paid holiday

61
Q

how did availability of time in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

increased leisure time meant increased participation and spectatorship from working class
less working hours meant more energy to participate
more and paid holiday means more time for participation

62
Q

what was transport like in 20th century Britain?

A

transport became available to everyone which made sport more accessible
cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes, bikes

63
Q

how did transport in 20th century Britain impact sport?

A

increased participation and increased accessibility to all sports
increase in competitive fixtures, leagues and competitions
increase in international events
increased spectatorism as people can travel widely

64
Q

what is social class like in 21st century Britain?

A

social class divisions are much less defined
more fluidity for people to move up and down classes
no longer decided by birth

65
Q

how has social class in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

although much less defined, some sports are still associated with classes
some sports are still effected by access
broad spread of classes are now professional
social mobility can be achieved through sport

66
Q

what is gender equality like in 21st century Britain?

A

issues such as sexism and discrimination is increasing challenged using role models through the media

67
Q

how has gender equality in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

increased women participation but still not as high as men
women can now participate in ‘men’ sports however genderising activities is still common
some sports have equal prize money/ wages but most don’t
increased professional contracts and wider roles in sport taken by females

68
Q

what is law and order like in 21st century Britain?

A

knowledge of peoples legal rights has increased

69
Q

how has law and order in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

sport specific legislations created
increased legal action from violence in sport
racial and gender equality laws are reducing discrimination in sport
increased legal focus on match fixing

70
Q

pros for the equality act in sport

A

equal opportunities means its fair
increased female participation and role models to inspire others
challenge stereotypes in sport

71
Q

cons of the equality act in sport

A

takes money away from male sports
going to take years to catch up with men sports
might not actually work
still have gendering of activities
not a sport specific legislation

72
Q

what is education like in 21st century Britain?

A

still public and grammar schools
PE is still compulsory
increased opportunity with options to take GCSE and A level PE

73
Q

how had education in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

inter and intra sport competitions
PE and sport qualifications have increased in variety and availability
fee paying schools still offer a wider range of sporting opportunities

74
Q

what is availability of time like in 21st century Britain?

A

due to technological advancements, more free time and more flexible working hours in workplaces

75
Q

how has availability of time in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

even more leisure time, increasing participation

76
Q

what is availability of money like in 21st century Britain?

A

global recession has effected the amount of money people have

77
Q

how has availability of money in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

less money being spent on sports meaning slight decrease in participation
some sports have declined in participation due to cost
decreased number of spectators

78
Q

what is transport like in 21st century Britain?

A

people now own a car within their household
public transport is more widely available
cheap air fairs

79
Q

how has transport in 21st century Britain impacted sport?

A

increased participation as its increased accessibility
regular fixtures, leagues, competitions
increased spectatorism as people can travel more widely

80
Q

what is globalisation?

A

creation of sport into a worldwide business
required world wide media coverage an freedom of movement for participants and spectators

81
Q

what is freedom of movement?

A

international laws that allow athletes and spectators to move between countries for international sports

82
Q

what is the effect of freedom of movement on sport?

A

athletes can ‘work’ abroad- premier league players coming from other countries
athletes can ‘train’ abroad- altitude/ heat training
allows teams to tour
allows spectators to travel and watch fixtures
allows regular international fixtures
can increase the fan base of a team internationally

83
Q

what are the characteristics of globalised sport?

A

extensive worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms
freedom of movement of players
regular international fixtures
sport as a worldwide business that generates income
teams and spectators can travel to compete at home and abroad

84
Q

pros of media coverage in sport

A

increases commercialisation- golden triangle, so more money is available to sport
increases participation
can view sport around the whole world at any time and place
increased standards of play as increased professionalism
players are able to earn high salaries
increased spectatorism through watching at home
creation of role models
increased profile for minority sports
increased technology- increased fairness
new rules and version of sports making it exciting to watch
helps educate about sport

85
Q

cons of media coverage in sport

A

media demands control of sports/ performers
can cause deviant behaviour eg. doping
more people spectating then participating
loss of privacy for sports stars
media highlights issues in and out of the game which reflect badly on the sport
biased towards male/ able bodied sports
some negative role models
new rules go against tradition
increased officiating technology has slowed down the game
negative sponsors eg. alcohol

86
Q

what’s muscular Christianity?

A

a combination of godliness and manliness- to play sport hard and for the glory of god

PE paper 3 (6 decks)

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