ethics and deviance in sport

Question 1

what is deviance?

Answer 1

behaviour that differs from the norms/ values of sport

Question 2

what is deviance mostly driven by?

Answer 2

a win at all costs attitude

Question 3

what are the three main types of deviance?

Answer 3

violence, drugs/doping, gambling

Question 4

what is violence?

Answer 4

physical force with intention of harming an individual, group or property

Question 5

what are drugs and doping?

Answer 5

substances used to improve/ change human performance

Question 6

whats gambling in sport?

Answer 6

match fixing/ illegal betting

Question 7

who decided the list of banned drugs in sport?

Answer 7

WADA - world anti-doping agency

Question 8

what are the banned drugs/ PED’s in sport?

Answer 8

HGH- human growth hormone
anabolic steroids
beta blockers
recombinant erythropoietin
blood doping
diuretrics
narcotic analgesics
amphetamines

Question 9

what are the 6 legal supplements in sport?

Answer 9

creatine
caffeine
bicarbonate (sode loading)
carbohydrate replenishment
glucosamine
recovery formulas- eg. protein shakes

Question 10

what is human growth hormone?

Answer 10

illegal drug
increases bone, muscle and cartilage growth
occurs naturally in the body
improves power and strength

Question 11

what are anabolic steroids?

Answer 11

form of testosterone which stimulates muscle growth and increases aggression
along side training, can increase muscle mass
can increase recovery and repair

Question 12

what are beta blockers?

Answer 12

control HR, act to calm nerves and steady the heart beat
usually used in fine skills

Question 13

what is EPO?

Answer 13

illegal drug
occurs naturally in the body and is the hormone controlling red blood cell production
stimulates new red blood cells
increases oxygen carrying capacity so improves endurance

Question 14

what is blood doping?

Answer 14

removing blood from the body temporarily which is held in storage to stimulate new blood cell creation
this is then re-transfused into the body before the event to increase red blood cell count
increases oxygen carrying capacity
improves endurance

Question 15

what is diuretics?

Answer 15

rapid weight loss by increasing the amount of water expelled from the body through urine
can also be used to flush out other PED’s out of the system before drug testing

Question 16

what does creatine do?

Answer 16

improves recovery of the ATP-PC energy system

Question 17

what does caffeine do?

Answer 17

helps athletes train harder for longer. clearer thinking and more concentration

Question 18

what does bicarbonate (soda loading) do?

Answer 18

may help buffer effects of lactic acid

Question 19

what does carbohydrate replenishment do?

Answer 19

aid energy replenishment

Question 20

what does glucosamine do?

Answer 20

maintain cartilage

Question 21

what do recovery formulas do?

Answer 21

speed up recovery or make it more efficient i.e muscle growth

Question 22

what are the reasons for illegal drug use?

Answer 22

-improved performance by altering the body physically
-improved performance by altering brain function eg. anabolic steroids for increased aggression
-pressure to win from coach, peers, political, media
-belief that everyone else is doing it
-belief they won’t get caught
-win at all costs attitude
-state sponsored programmes

Question 23

consequences of PED use on performers

Answer 23

-gives an unfair advantage
-health problems, addictions, shortened life expectancy
-mental health issues, mood swings
-illegal so athletes might get fines, bans, lose medals
-ruins their career and reputation

Question 24

consequences of PED on sport

Answer 24

-challenges the value of fair play in sport
-loss of sponsors for ‘tainted’ sports due to bad image
-due to the negative image around a sport, less people participate and spectate in that sport
-false records/ results due to performers not always being caught

Question 25

consequences of PED on society

Answer 25

-negative role models have a negative effect on society and healthy lifestyles
-shows society as ‘win at all costs’ or that sport is a reflection of a corrupt society with unethical citizens
-society may have to make rules to ban all athletes using drugs
-society may possibly accept their athletes as drug takers and make it legal
-enable more effective drug testing processes to be developed in response to new drugs being created

Question 26

what are some strategies to stop illegal drug use in sport?

Answer 26

-Stricter punishments: life bans, loss of prize money/sponsorship, loss of medals.
-Improved testing: stricter, random, more regular testing, out of season testing.
-Education of coaches and performers, particularly on the health dangers and legal issues.
-Legalisation of drugs.
-Research and increased funding on newer drug detection methods.
-Use of role models to encourage drugs free sport, ‘name and shame’ cheats.

Question 27

what are the two types of violence?

Answer 27

player violence
spectator violence

Question 28

causes of player violence in sport?

Answer 28

-Frustration with referee decisions, score, performance
-Importance of game/result; cup match, league position decider, rivalry
-Provoked/ retaliation; by opponent, by teammates, crowd abuse, racism, violence on pitch copied
-Nature of game; contact sports, rules encourage violence
-Dehumanising Weapons and kit; dehumanising protective gear, equipment which could be used as weapon i.e. hockey stick
-Drugs; testosterone, ‘roid rage’ from steroids

Question 29

causes of spectator violence in sport?

Answer 29

-Alcohol/social drugs; people lose their inhibitions, become more brave
-Poor spectator provision: overcrowding, poor stewarding, poor policing
-Hooligans; organised violence, looking for a fight, used as an outlet of ‘energy’
-De-individuation; loose sense of individual identity in a crowd, and this diminished responsibility can cause violence when you usually wouldn’t be violent (lack of accountability)
-Imitating violence on the pitch
-Frustration; with referee decisions, score, performance
-Importance of game/result; cup match, league position decider, rivalry

Question 30

implications of violence in sport on society

Answer 30

-Sports performers are role models, so violence may be copied in society
-Put parents off letting their children participate
-Can lead to violence amongst spectators
-sport is a reflection of society, so if there is violence in sport it may be because society has violence in it
-violence in sport could indicate other social issues in wider society

Question 31

implications of violence in sport on sport

Answer 31

-Can initiate changes in laws and rules of a sport to make violence less likely
-Sport receives a bad name/profile
-Can reduce participation
-Loss of sponsors
-Loss of public interest/ support
-Can make the sport more entertaining for media and spectators

Question 32

implications of violence in sport on spectators

Answer 32

-Punishment; Disciplinary action and even legal action
-Injury and even death in some cases
-Loss of sponsors
-Become a negative role model/detrimental to career

Question 33

what are some solutions to player violence?

Answer 33

-Rule changes: to minimise violent situations in a sport i.e. no high tackles in rugby
-Punishments: make disciplinary process more severe, match/season bans to act as a deterrent, possible legal action where appropriate
-Education: on fair play and their position as role models emphasised, educate on the negative effects violence may have, educated on how to control emotions and stress
-More effective officiating: to maintain control of game, to catch more violent acts, more qualified officials, more officials in number, give them more autonomy of giving instant punishments
-Technology: for fairer outcomes to reduce frustration, and to catch foul play after the event i.e. video ref
-Coaches: encourage a philosophy of assertive behaviour rather than violence.

Question 34

what are some solutions to spectator violence in sport?

Answer 34

-Stricter punishments: remove season tickets, legal action
-Control of alcohol: searches at gates, ban alcohol, early kick off times
-Improve spectator facilities: all seated stadiums, separation of fans
-Use of CCTV/ police hand-held cameras: to spot incidents occurring, record any events for evidence
Liaison and law enforcement of police: share info on potential trouble makers, football banning orders for home and abroad fixtures
-Promotion as family entertainment: use of family sections within crowd, children based entertainment like mascots, competitions, using social media to build positive relationships between fans, etc.

Question 35

what is match fixing?

Answer 35

When a competition is played to a completely/partly pre-determined result. Usually involves bribing corrupt players, coaches and officials

Question 36

what do narcotic analgesics do?

Answer 36

reduce anxiety before a competition

Question 37

what do amphetamines do?

Answer 37

resits fatigue and increase alertness