Evolution and variation

Question 1

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Answer 1

• Variation in the population caused by mutations
• some bacteria have the mutation or resistance to antibiotics
• individuals with the gene for resistance to antibiotics survive.
• reproduce passing on the gene for resistance to next generation
• frequency of the gene for resistance increases in the population

Question 2

what is a human genome?

Answer 2

• all the genes found in a human

Question 3

importance of the human genome method?

Answer 3

• uses information from DNA to develop new ways to
  1. treat
  2. cure
  3. prevent disease
• potential importance for medicine of our increasing understanding of the human genome.

Question 4

name the two types of reproduction

Answer 4

• sexual
• asexual

Question 5

what is sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

• 2 parents
• gametes produced with half the genetic information of both parents
• Combination of the gametes at fertilisation produces new offspring
• Offspring show genetic variation

Question 6

what is asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

• 1 parent
• Offspring produced from 1 parent
• No energy wasted on gametes and finding a mate
• a lot of offspring can be produced quickly
• No genetic variation
• Offspring are clones of the parent
• genetically identical

Question 7

what is evolution?

Answer 7

• Variations in species that can be inherited are the basis of evolution
• Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace worked on the theory of evolution

Question 8

examples of evolution

Answer 8

• Mutation
• Variation
• Competition
• Survival of the fittest

Question 9

What is mutation

Answer 9

• Random changes in genes cause variations in species

Question 10

what is variation

Answer 10

• Small differences within a species make some individuals better adapted to the environment

Question 11

what is competition

Answer 11

• Organisms compete for survival, some may have a gene allowing resistance to a toxin

Question 12

what is survival of the fittest?

Answer 12

• Those with advantageous genes have a selective advantage over others.
• Compete better for resources or survive an antibiotic pesticide or other toxin that kills others toxin that kills others of the species

Question 13

what is continuous variation?

Answer 13

• its controlled by more than one gene and environmental factors such as height and weight

Question 14

what is discontinuous variation?

Answer 14

• usually controlled by one gene so individuals fit clearly into discrete groups such as eye colour and blood type

Question 15

what is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 15

• genetically inherited disease
• causes thick sticky mucus that block bronchioles in the lungs

Question 16

how can you treat cystic fibrosis?

Answer 16

• Gene therapy can be used.
  -TREATMENT NOT A CURE
• Inhaler to get the new gene into lung cells
• but as cells renew the gene is not copied
• so new cells do not contain in the normal gene.

Question 17

what is modelling Natural selection ?

Answer 17

• Demonstrate how camouflaged organisms have an advantage against predators.

Question 18

explain modelling natural selection

Answer 18

• Arrange small pieces of plain and patterned background
• Use forceps to model a predator (beak/jaw) and record how many of each type of cord you pick up in 15 seconds with the forceps.

Question 19

what is genetic variation?

Answer 19

• differences between members of the same species

Question 20

what is genetic variation caused by?

Answer 20

• Genetic factors
• Environmental factors

Question 21

what is genetic factors?

Answer 21

• Characteristics caused by genes, inherited from potential DNA fro example
• eye colour
• bloody type
• able to roll tongue
• flower cousins

Question 22

what is environmental factors?

Answer 22

• characteristics that change due to the environment. For example
• language development , tattoos and piercing , competition in plants reducing access to light or water reducing growth.