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Life Sciences Paper 1 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Stromatolites

A

Fossilized Cyanobacteria

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2
Q

Coelacanth

A

A fish group ancestral to amphibians

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3
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change or development of something

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4
Q

Biological evolution

A

The change in the gene pool of a population during the course of time by such processors as mutation, natural selection and genetic drift

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5
Q

Micro evolution

A

Evolution within a species

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6
Q

Macro evolution

A

The descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations

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7
Q

Lamarckism

‘Soft’ inheritance

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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8
Q

Evolutionary change

A

Species had modified gradually from ancient ancestors unlike themselves

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals best adapted to the environment will leave the most offspring

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10
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of prehistoric life

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11
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

(Began 545 million)
Rapid diversification over a relatively short period of 5 million to 10 million years led to the appearance of a huge diversity of complex, multi-celled organisms

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12
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Branching- shows modified descendants

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13
Q

Cladogram

A

An family tree that shows evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of where species (both present day and extinct) occur and why

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15
Q

Oceanic islands

A

Usually formed as the result of volcanic action and are often geographically ‘young’

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16
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Comparing external and internal structures to find out how related two structures are

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17
Q

Homologies

A

Similar structures or characteristics that organisms have acquired from a common ancestor, showing that they are on the same evolutionary lineage

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18
Q

Homologous structures

A

Same structure; different function

Structures derived from a common ancestor but evolved in different environments

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19
Q

Analogous structures

A

Same function; different structures

Similar structures in different organisms because they evolved in similar environments

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20
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures or organs that seem stunted and have no function

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21
Q

Peer review researchers

A

Experts in the same field who look for weaknesses and errors, and make an unbiased evaluation of the piece of research

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22
Q

Phylogeny

A

The scientific study of evolutionary relationships among species

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23
Q

Phylogenetics

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A

The study of the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms which have been discovered through extensive evidence

24
Q

Clade

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A

A life-form group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants- representing a single ‘branch’ on the tee of life

25
Anagenesis
He gradual accumulation of changes to an ancestral species which leads to the species being sufficiently distinct from its original starting form, so that it can be labeled as a new species
26
Adaptive radiation
The burst of divergence from a single lineage to give rise to many new species from a single ancestor
27
Gradualism
Hypothesis which put forward that species evolve gradually by small changes over long periods of time
28
Punctuated equilibrium
Refers to the speed at which evolution takes place
29
Germ-line
In the eggs or sperm
30
Gene flow
The movement of genes between populations
31
Genetic drift
A process that produces random changes in the frequency of characteristics in a population.
32
Artificial selection
The process of selecting and breeding organisms with desirable characteristics
33
Inbreeding
The mating of closely related individuals
34
Outbreeding
The mating of individuals not closely related
35
Neoteny
Retention of immature characteristics in adults
36
Classical plant breeding
Uses deliberate interbreeding of closely or distantly related individuals of a species to produce new crop variations with desirable traits
37
Embryo rescue
The rescue of embryos and seeds of valuable plants
38
Natural selection
Process by which nature (the environment selects for survival those individuals that are best adapted to environmental conditions, and as a result, will produce the most offspring
39
Differential reproduction
Better adapted individuals would survive to reproduce | Survival of the fittest
40
HYV’s
(High-yielding varieties) | Hybrid crops with increased growth rates and yields
41
Cultigens
Domesticated plants dependent on humans for cultivation
42
Mutagenesis
Production, by chemicals or radiation, of mutants that may have desirable characteristics
43
Random mating
Every female gamete, with her particular genotype, has an equal chance to be fertilized by every male gamete, with his particular genotype in the population
44
The founder effect
Loss of genetic variation when a very small number of individuals from a larger population establish a new colony
45
Fecundity
The ability to produce abundant healthy offspring
46
Convergent evolution
Process during which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches
47
Speciation
The divergence of one species into two or more descendent species. Evolutionary formation of new species that are genetically distinct from the older, parental species
48
Extinction
Permanent loss of all meme era of a species
49
Geographical speciation
New species is formed as a result of whole/ part population = geographically isolated from ancestral species
50
Sympatric speciation
A new species arises in the same area as ancestral species without any geographical isolation
51
Polyandrous
Having multiple male partners
52
Reproductive isolation
Mechanism that prevents two or more species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile hybrids even though they are not geographically separated
53
Allopathic
Geographical isolation
54
Stridulating
To make a chirping/ grating sound by sound by rubbing certain parts of the body together
55
Biological species
A group of organisms of common ancestry that closely resemble each other and can inbreed to produce viable offspring

Life Sciences Paper 1 (7 decks)

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