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Life Sciences Paper 1 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Stromatolites

A

Fossilized Cyanobacteria

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2
Q

Coelacanth

A

A fish group ancestral to amphibians

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3
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change or development of something

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4
Q

Biological evolution

A

The change in the gene pool of a population during the course of time by such processors as mutation, natural selection and genetic drift

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5
Q

Micro evolution

A

Evolution within a species

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6
Q

Macro evolution

A

The descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations

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7
Q

Lamarckism

‘Soft’ inheritance

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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8
Q

Evolutionary change

A

Species had modified gradually from ancient ancestors unlike themselves

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9
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals best adapted to the environment will leave the most offspring

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10
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of prehistoric life

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11
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

(Began 545 million)
Rapid diversification over a relatively short period of 5 million to 10 million years led to the appearance of a huge diversity of complex, multi-celled organisms

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12
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Branching- shows modified descendants

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13
Q

Cladogram

A

An family tree that shows evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of where species (both present day and extinct) occur and why

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15
Q

Oceanic islands

A

Usually formed as the result of volcanic action and are often geographically ‘young’

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16
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Comparing external and internal structures to find out how related two structures are

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17
Q

Homologies

A

Similar structures or characteristics that organisms have acquired from a common ancestor, showing that they are on the same evolutionary lineage

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18
Q

Homologous structures

A

Same structure; different function

Structures derived from a common ancestor but evolved in different environments

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19
Q

Analogous structures

A

Same function; different structures

Similar structures in different organisms because they evolved in similar environments

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20
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures or organs that seem stunted and have no function

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21
Q

Peer review researchers

A

Experts in the same field who look for weaknesses and errors, and make an unbiased evaluation of the piece of research

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22
Q

Phylogeny

A

The scientific study of evolutionary relationships among species

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23
Q

Phylogenetics

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms which have been discovered through extensive evidence

24
Q

Clade

A

A life-form group consisting of a common ancestor and all its descendants- representing a single ‘branch’ on the tee of life

25
Q

Anagenesis

A

He gradual accumulation of changes to an ancestral species which leads to the species being sufficiently distinct from its original starting form, so that it can be labeled as a new species

26
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The burst of divergence from a single lineage to give rise to many new species from a single ancestor

27
Q

Gradualism

A

Hypothesis which put forward that species evolve gradually by small changes over long periods of time

28
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Refers to the speed at which evolution takes place

29
Q

Germ-line

A

In the eggs or sperm

30
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of genes between populations

31
Q

Genetic drift

A

A process that produces random changes in the frequency of characteristics in a population.

32
Q

Artificial selection

A

The process of selecting and breeding organisms with desirable characteristics

33
Q

Inbreeding

A

The mating of closely related individuals

34
Q

Outbreeding

A

The mating of individuals not closely related

35
Q

Neoteny

A

Retention of immature characteristics in adults

36
Q

Classical plant breeding

A

Uses deliberate interbreeding of closely or distantly related individuals of a species to produce new crop variations with desirable traits

37
Q

Embryo rescue

A

The rescue of embryos and seeds of valuable plants

38
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which nature (the environment selects for survival those individuals that are best adapted to environmental conditions, and as a result, will produce the most offspring

39
Q

Differential reproduction

A

Better adapted individuals would survive to reproduce

Survival of the fittest

40
Q

HYV’s

A

(High-yielding varieties)

Hybrid crops with increased growth rates and yields

41
Q

Cultigens

A

Domesticated plants dependent on humans for cultivation

42
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Production, by chemicals or radiation, of mutants that may have desirable characteristics

43
Q

Random mating

A

Every female gamete, with her particular genotype, has an equal chance to be fertilized by every male gamete, with his particular genotype in the population

44
Q

The founder effect

A

Loss of genetic variation when a very small number of individuals from a larger population establish a new colony

45
Q

Fecundity

A

The ability to produce abundant healthy offspring

46
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Process during which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

47
Q

Speciation

A

The divergence of one species into two or more descendent species.
Evolutionary formation of new species that are genetically distinct from the older, parental species

48
Q

Extinction

A

Permanent loss of all meme era of a species

49
Q

Geographical speciation

A

New species is formed as a result of whole/ part population = geographically isolated from ancestral species

50
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

A new species arises in the same area as ancestral species without any geographical isolation

51
Q

Polyandrous

A

Having multiple male partners

52
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Mechanism that prevents two or more species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile hybrids even though they are not geographically separated

53
Q

Allopathic

A

Geographical isolation

54
Q

Stridulating

A

To make a chirping/ grating sound by sound by rubbing certain parts of the body together

55
Q

Biological species

A

A group of organisms of common ancestry that closely resemble each other and can inbreed to produce viable offspring

Life Sciences Paper 1 (7 decks)

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