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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A modified structure seen among different groups of descendants

A

Analogous structure

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2
Q

Exemplified by forelimbs of bats, penguins, lizards, and birds

A

Homologous structure

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3
Q

The forelimbs of flightless birds

A

Vestigial structure

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4
Q

DNA and RNA comparisons may lead to evolutionary trees

A

Genetic comparisons

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5
Q

Birds and Butterfly wings have the same function but different structures

A

analogous structures

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6
Q

A body structure reduced in function but may have been used in an ancestor

A

Analogous structure

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7
Q

(A) Ink of octopus

A

Behavioral

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8
Q

(A) Hummingbirds long bill

A

Structural

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9
Q

(A) Honeybee’s dance

A

Behavioral

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10
Q

(A) migration of geese

A

Behavioral

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11
Q

(A) plant stems growing towards light

A

Physciological

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12
Q

(A) Proteins in spider’s web

A

Physciological

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13
Q

(A) Gila monsters venom

A

Physciological

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14
Q

(A) efficiency of birds lungs in high altitudes

A

Structural

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15
Q

(A) Bird’s song

A

Behavioral

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16
Q

The hardy Weinberg Principle

A
  1. Large population
  2. No mutations
  3. random mating
  4. no movement
  5. no natural selection
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17
Q

The more individuals in a population, the smaller effect of genetic drift

A

Large population

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18
Q

No changes to genes means new alleles are not introduced into the population’s gene pool

A

No mutations

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19
Q

Each individual in a population has the same chance of passing on its alleles

A

Random mating

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20
Q

No new alleles are introduced into the population’s gene pool by new individuals

A

No movement

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21
Q

No phenotype can have a selective advantage over another- all individuals have equal fitness

A

No natural selection

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22
Q

H-W equalibrium

A
  1. occurs when population is not evolving
  2. allele frequencies are constant from one generation to the next
  3. occurs when a population meets 5 conditions
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23
Q

What conditions can alter the H-W principle of equalibrium

A
  1. Mutations happen
  2. Gene flow
  3. Select mating
  4. Small population
  5. A mode of selection
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24
Q

Mode of selection

A

Any selection for or against alleles will alter their frequencies in a population

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25
Q

Adaptation

A
  1. Characteristics that give an organism a better chance of survival
  2. Special traits that help living organisms survive in a particular environment.
26
Q

Reasons for Adaptation

A
  1. To suit their habitat
  2. For protection
  3. For attack
  4. For feeding
  5. For movement
27
Q

Structural Adaptation

A

external characteristics

28
Q

Behavioral Adaptation

A

differing ways of reacting to the environment

29
Q

Physiological Adaptation

A

internal characteristics

30
Q

Gene pool

A

total genetic information available to a population of organisms

31
Q

Allele frequency

A

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool

32
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring
- example of gene pool

33
Q

Natural selection on single gene traits

A

can lead to changes in allele frequencies and, thus, to change in phenotype frequencies

34
Q

Natural selection on polygenic gene traits

A

can affect the relative fitness of phenotypes and thus produce three types of selection

35
Q

Stabalizing selection

A

when natural selection chooses the average form of a trait as most fit.

36
Q

Directional selection

A

when natural selection chooses an extreme form of a trait as most fit.

37
Q

Disruptive selection

A

when natural selection chooses both extreme forms of a trait as most fit. Could cause two different species

38
Q

Gene flow

A

Migration of organisms from one population to the next increases the genetic variation of the population

39
Q

founder effect

A

a few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original

40
Q

Genetic drift

A

A change in the gene pool of a population

41
Q

Genetic Bottlenecks

A
  1. some disaster wipes out the majority of a population
  2. By chance, the survivors may only represent a certain part of the old gene pool
  3. This population will have a different makeup than the original population
42
Q

over reproduce

A

Predators eat the runts so the animal needs to overpopulate to ensure the population stays the same

43
Q

Variation

A

There is variation among individuals of the same species

44
Q

Darwin’s Adaptation

A

The ones with the advantages will out compete the others and live to reproduce and pass on their advantage to their offspring.

45
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Because more organisms are produced that can survive, they must compete

46
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms with variations most suited to their environment survive and leave more offspring

47
Q

Principle of common descent

A

All species living and extinct are descended from ancient common ancestors
all living things are linked

48
Q

There is a heterozygous advantage to being a carrier of sickle cell anemia

A

Stabalizing

49
Q

Brown fur is (p) dominant over white fur (q). White mice are more easily seen by predators

A

Directional

50
Q

What is meant by “Natural Selection”

A
  1. The survival of the fittest
  2. The organism with the best traits will live the longest
  3. Adaptation
  4. able to interbreed and have viable offspring
  5. variation
51
Q

Does natural selection act upon an organism’s genotype or phenotype in a population

A

Genotype (makes you the way you look and gene pools and allele frequencies are changing)

52
Q

What was Darwin’s first observation when he traveled to the Galapagos that made him begin to think about the world around him

A

The species on each island. The sizes and shapes of the beaks on the finches were different. Connections w/ ancestors and lving organisms

53
Q

What conclusions can be drawn based on the evidence of the Fossil Record

A
  1. provide a record of species
  2. shown records of evolution
  3. shows ancestory
54
Q

What evidence for change over time exists int the study of BioGeography

A

The location where we find animals and plants

55
Q

What evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of Vestigial Structures

A
  1. certain structures that we don’t use anymore

2. shows evolution

56
Q

What evidence for change over time exists in the knowledge of homologous structures

A

They all came from the same ancestors because they have similar structures

57
Q

What evidence for change over time exists when comparing biomolecules

A
  1. compare blood samples of organism to get DNA sample to see if these animals are related
58
Q

refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding

A

reproductive isolation

59
Q

The black birds mating call is odd compared to the red bird so they wont mate

A

Behavioral isolation

60
Q

There is a mountain between the two species

A

Geographical isolation

61
Q

it keeps individuals of different species from interbreeding, even if they live in the same environment
fall cricket v spring cricket

A

Temporal isolation

62
Q

artificial selection

A

s the intentional breeding of plants or animals

Biology (11 decks)

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