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Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic chromosomes structure

A
  1. Chromatin (unwound DNA)
  2. DNA
  3. Chromosomes
    👉🏻we have 46 double stranded chromos
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2
Q

Centromere

A

Connects two chromatids

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3
Q

Kintochore

A

Fibers

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4
Q

Telomere

A

Tips

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5
Q

Chromatids

A

Two single strands

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6
Q

How long does it take the cell cycle

A

24 hrs

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7
Q

G1 (Gap 1)

A

Cell grows, normal metabolic processes take place

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8
Q

S

A

Replication

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9
Q

G2 (gap 2)

A

Cell prepares for mitosis

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Separation of the chromosomes (karyokinesis)

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm seperates

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12
Q

Order of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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13
Q

Interphase

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Chromatin
  3. Cell growth
  4. Nucleus represent
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14
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Nucleus disappears
  2. Nuclear membrane disappears
  3. Double stranded chromosome
  4. Centrioles migrate to poles
  5. Asters and spindles form
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15
Q

Metaphase

A
  1. Double stranded chromosomes line up at the equator
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16
Q

Anaphase

A
  1. Single stranded chromosomes move to poles
  2. Cell plate formation (plant) furrowing in animal cells
  3. Centromeres split
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17
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Two brand new daughter cells
  2. Nucleus reappears
  3. Astros and spindles disappear
  4. Cytokinesis ( plant produce a cell plate)
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18
Q

Does a zygote undergo mitosis or meiosis

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

Reasons why cells divide instead of grow

A
  1. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA
  2. A larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane
20
Q

Cell size limitations

A
  1. Surface area to volume ratio
    a) key factor in cell size
    b) cell stays small
21
Q

Diffusion limits cell size

A
  1. Movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
  2. Larger the distance, slower the diffusion rate
  3. A cell 20cm would require months for nutrients to get to the center
22
Q

DNA limits cell size

A
  1. Larger cells need more DNA
  2. Needs more of everything
    👉🏻most cells just have one nucleus
23
Q

What does the DNA check to assure the cell divides properly

A

The DNA is checked to make sure it has replicated properly

24
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle

25
Q

Internal regulatory proteins

A

All the cell cycle to proceed after certain events have occurs

26
Q

External regulatory proteins

A

Growth factors stimulate the cell cycle. some cause it to slow down or stop

27
Q

Why division?

A
  1. Growth
    a) stem cells
  2. Repair
  3. Reproduction
    a) Asexual (genetically identical)
    b) sexual
28
Q

Apoptosis

A

A cell may die by accident due to damage or injury, or a cell may actually be programmed to die

29
Q

Benign

A

Not cancerous

30
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous

31
Q

What do malignant cells do

A
  1. Kills healthy tissue
  2. Block blood vessels
  3. Prevent organs from working properly
  4. Divide uncontrollably
32
Q

Mutations caused by…

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Smoking/drugs
  3. Pollutants
  4. Chemicals
  5. Viruses
  6. Defective genes
33
Q

Division in cancer cells

A

Cancer cells will continue to divide with mutations

34
Q

Cancer- Mitosis out of control!

A
  1. Cells lose their ability to control growth
  2. Don’t respond to signals that regulate growth
  3. Divide uncontrollably
35
Q

Dif in dividing in normal cells and cancer cells

A

When normal cells feel something is wrong they can blow themselves up, while cancer cells continue to divide

36
Q

Metastasis

A

Cancer moves

37
Q

Telomeres in cancer cells

A

They stay long

38
Q

Chemical signals in cancer cells

A

Cancer cells ignore the chemical signals that start and stop the cell cycle

39
Q

Radiation

A

Interferes with the copying of DNA

40
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The use of chemicals to kill cancer cells that are weaker

41
Q

Removal

A

Cancerous tumors

42
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Limit cell growth

43
Q

Oncogenes

A

Promoting the growth of cells

44
Q

How does BRCA function normally in cells

A

Help ensure the stability of the cells genetic material and help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

45
Q

Do mutated BRCA genes indicate you will have cancer

A

No they just increase the risk

Biology (11 decks)

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