Evolution Flashcards
What are RESTRICTION ENZYMES?
Are an enzymes whos job it is to cut DNA, they are bacterial enzymes. This also allows us to move DNA from one organism to another.
How do we separate the DNA fragments?
With Gel Electrophoresis
In Bacteria we have a small segment of DNA called a plasmid, which we could take out of the bacteria and put it back in. We could take that plasmid and cut it with a restriction enzyme so it cuts in one place, then we could take the piece of DNA in humans that codes for insulin G, insert it into that plasmid using the restriction enzymes to cut it. We know have a plasmid that contains the human insulin all we have to do know is put that back into the bacteria force them to transcribe and translate it then isolate the protein from the bacteria.
In Bacteria we have a small segment of DNA called a plasmid, which we could take out of the bacteria and put it back in. We could take that plasmid and cut it with a restriction enzyme so it cuts in one place, then we could take the piece of DNA in humans that codes for insulin G, insert it into that plasmid using the restriction enzymes to cut it. We know have a plasmid that contains the human insulin all we have to do know is put that back into the bacteria force them to transcribe and translate it then isolate the protein from the bacteria.
What do we need Genomic Libraries for?
We would use the Genomic library to figure out how to turn a gene on or off, control/ regulate
Genomic library (Total DNA, this would contain all of the exons all of the introns the promoters, inhibiters and enhancers.
Genomic library (Total DNA, this would contain all of the exons all of the introns the promoters, inhibiters and enhancers.
Genomic Library
• We start off by isolating DNA • Then we would cut the DNA with a restriction enzyme • Then we would set up an experiment where each fragment would go into a plasmid • Then each plasmid would go into a bacteria
IF all we care about is that final protein that has been produced we would use a cDNA library
IF all we care about is that final protein that has been produced we would use a cDNA library
cDNA (Virus)
We start off by insolating Messenger RNAThen we would make copy DNA from the Messenger RNA Then each cDNA fragment goes into a plasmidThen each plasmid goes into a bacteria
Biological Dogma
States that we start with DNA then DNA makes RNA and then RNA makes Protein.
Reverse transcriptase
a viral enzyme that reverses the order of transcription ( making RNA to DNA only possible with viral enzyme)
This happens because we have isolated an enzyme from a virus - RNA to DNA
This happens because we have isolated an enzyme from a virus - RNA to DNA
The Southern Technique
When we want to transfer DNA to nitrocellulose
The Northern Technique
When we want to transfer RNA to nitrocellulose.
The Western Technique -
When we want to transfer Proteins to nitrocellulose.
A population that is not changing (not evolving) is in equilibrium
Large PopulationIsolationNo Mutations No Selection pressure, no one has an advantage over anyone else. Random Mating - This means everyone has a chance to mate and pass their genes to the next generation
Hardy Weinberg’s first and second equation.
p+q = 1p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
P = Dominant Allele Q = Recessive Allele P^2 = Homozygous Dominant Q^2 = Homozygous Recessive 2pq = Heterozygous
P = Dominant Allele Q = Recessive Allele P^2 = Homozygous Dominant Q^2 = Homozygous Recessive 2pq = Heterozygous
To change the Genetic composition of a population the following evolutionary agents could be involved:
• Mutations • Gene Flow • Genetic Drift • Nonrandom Mating
Definition of Evolution
Evolution a change in lines of decent over time. A change over time in the genetic composition of populations. This change could in allelic frequencies or in the appearance of a new gene.
CDNA LIBRARY
RNA-
Mutation in terms of Evolution
A heritable Change in DNA
Characteristics of Mutations
• They are spontaneous • Random • Rare • Mutations are almost always Harmful
As an evolutionary force mutation is negligible but it is important because it is the ultimate source of variation.
As an evolutionary force mutation is negligible but it is important because it is the ultimate source of variation.
Gene Flow
Is going to break one of the rules of equilibrium, in gene flow we are saying that the populations are not isolated. This refers to the migration of individuals between different populations, followed by breeding. (We do not have a population that is isolated,Example a bird takes a red flower seed across the lake where there are only white flowers now there will be interbreeding.
