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Biology Final Exam Review > Bio Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Bio Exam 1 Review Flashcards

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0
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Is only performed by living cells.

Extraction and Conversion of energy from the surroundings

Energy utilized to to maintain the organism allow it to grow and reproduce

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1
Q

What are the three parts of Cell Theory?

A

All organisms are composed of on or more cells.

The cell is the smallest unit of life.

New cells are formed only by only by the division of previously existing cells.

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2
Q

Define Homeostasis.

A

A internal state resulting in favorable operating conditions inside the cells or the body

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3
Q

What are the functions of Homeostasis?

A

Keep temperature constant.

Remove waste products.

Eat when hungry

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4
Q

What is a Ionic Bond?

A

The complete transfer of electrons.

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5
Q

What is a Covalent Bond?

A

The equal sharing of electrons.

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6
Q

What is a Polar Covalent Bond?

A

An uneven sharing of electrons.

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7
Q

Which bond is the strongest bond?

A

Covalent Bond

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8
Q

Which type of Bond is the weakest type of Bond.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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9
Q

what is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

Interaction between a negative atom with hydrogen in which that hydrogen is already part of a polar covalent bond

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10
Q

Why aren’t viruses considered to be alive?

A

The virus is smaller than the cell.

Viruses cannot reproduce, they have to force a host organism to reproduce for them.

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11
Q

What are the four most common Elements in biological systems? And how many bonds do they form.

A

Hydrogen – Forms one bond

Oxygen – Forms two bonds

Nitrogen - Forms three bonds

Carbon – Forms four bonds

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12
Q

What are protons?

A

Exist in the nucleus, they are positively charged and they have a large mass.

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13
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Exist in the nucleus, they also have a large mass and they are neutral they do not have a charge

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14
Q

Why are Protons important?

A

They are how we get the atomic number and they are how we identify the elements.

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15
Q

Why are Neutrons important?

A

Because they give us the atomic mass (the number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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16
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

They have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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17
Q

Why are Electrons important?

A

Because based upon how they are arranged in the orbitals and sub orbitals we can determine how one element is going to bind and interact with a second element.

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18
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The attraction of like molecules, the attraction of one water molecule to a second water molecule occurs because of hydrogen bonding

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19
Q

How do we raise the temperature of water?

A

We can add energy to it, if it doesn’t rise right away we must break hydrogen bonds only then will the temperature go up

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20
Q

How do we cool the temp of water and remove energy before the temperature goes down?

A

We must reform the hydrogen bonds. We have to break and reform bonds before temperature cab change

21
Q

Why does ice float?

A
  • Because it is less dense than water.
  • And because it has fewer water molecules per volume than liquid water.

Why does ice have fewer molecules? Because the water molecules are spread further apart but why? Because every water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four of its neighbors and in order to achieve that they have to form the CRYSTAL LATTICE STRUCTTURE which forces the water molecules further apart. If they are held further apart there are fewer molecules per volume if there is fewer molecules per volume then it becomes less dense

22
Q

When is water at its Densest?

A

4 degrees centigrade, this is where every water molecules begins to ne hydrogen bonded to four of its neighbors

23
Q

What is an Acid?

A

Is anything that raises the free hydrogen ion concentration and solution, that means it will donate free hydrogen ions

24
Q

What is a Base?

A

A Base will remove hydrogen ions from the solution, it is going to bind to the free hydrogen ions. It reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution

25
Q

On the pH scale

A

0-7 is ACIDIC 7 is neutral 7-14 is BASIC

26
Q

As we goes towards 0 we have more hydrogen ions as we go towards 14 there are less hydrogen ions

A

As we goes towards 0 we have more hydrogen ions as we go towards 14 there are less hydrogen ions

27
Q

The pH scale is a base ten scale

A

difference from 7 to 8 is 10 difference from 2 to 9 is 100 difference from 7 to 10 is 1000

28
Q

What is a Buffer? And why we use the buffer?

A

A buffer Is a weak acid or weak base, and we use it to maintain a constant pH.

29
Q

What is the formula for Carbohydrates?

A

CxH2xOx = C6-H12-O6

30
Q

How do you to put sugar units together to form macromolecules?

A

Dehydration Condensation Reaction

31
Q

What are the two parts of the Condensation Dehydration?

A

Remove water

Form a covalent bond

32
Q

What are the Polysaccharides found in plants referred to as

A

Starches

33
Q

What are the Polysaccharides found in humans referred to as?

A

Glycogen

34
Q

What is CELLULOSE?

A

It is the main component of the plant cell wall; Cellulose is the most abundant polysaccharide earth.

35
Q

What is CHITIN? and is it involved in?

A

also makes up cell walls, but it makes up the cell walls of FUNGI, IT IS ALSO IS INVOLVED OF THE FORMATIONS OF THE EXOSKELLTON OF BUG AND INSECTS

36
Q

What is a Triglyceride?

A

A glycerol backbone connected to three fatty acid tails

37
Q

How do we know if something is a lipid.

A

It has a lot of Hydrogen and Carbons and a little bit of Oxygen’s.

38
Q

Why are Phospholipids important?

A

Because they make biological membranes possible.

39
Q

What are Phospholipids composed of?

A

A glycerol backbone two fatty acids and a phosphate.

40
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino Acids

41
Q

What happens when we connect amino acids together

A

A Pep-tide bond

42
Q

How many Biologically active amino acids are there?

A

20

43
Q

Primary structure

A

order or sequence of amino acids

44
Q

Secondary structure

A

To fold bits and pieces of the proteins into a alpha helix or beta plated sheet

45
Q

tertiary structure

A

The overall 3D conformation of the protein

46
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The same as tertiary but more than one sub unit is involved

47
Q

Collogen

A

Has three sub units so it has Quaternary structure.

48
Q

What 3 components must be present in order to have a Nucleotide?

A

A Phosphate group

A nitrogen containing base, a, c, g, t or u

and 5 carbon sugar. the sugar can be ribose or deoxyribose

49
Q

What are DNA’s

Sugar
Bases
Strands
Helix

A

Deoxyribose
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
Double stranded
Yes

50
Q

What are RNA’s

Sugar
Bases
Strands
Helix

A

Ribose
Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine
single stranded
no

Biology Final Exam Review (6 decks)

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