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Biology Final Exam Review > Bio Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Bio Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells?

A

No nucleus, just a nucleoid
Plasma Membrane

No Cytoskeleton

•Does not perform exocytosis and endocytosis

DNA in a circular form with a few packaging proteins (not histones). Most DNA is used, not a lot of “junk” DNA.

Divides by cell diffusion
DNA = RAN = Protein all occurs in the cytoplasm and at the same time.

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Nucleus with double membrane

Several membrane bounded structures including plasma membrane, nucleus, ER, Golgi, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes. Each membrane has different unique chemical composition and proteins.

Has cytoskeleton to provide motility, contraction, and maintain cell structure. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and micro filaments.

Performs edocytosis(membrane pinches off and forms vesicle) and exocytosis (membrane fuses with plasma membrane and releases contents to the outside.

DNA is linear (it is straight) packaged heavily with histones, and contains of a lot of “junk” DNA.

Divides by mitosis and meiosis.

DNA = RNA occurs in the nucleus.

RNA = Protein occurs in the cytoplasm and is totally separate from the process of transcription.

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3
Q

What four components must be present in all Cells?

A
  1. Cytoplasm
    1. DNA
    2. Ribosomes
    3. Plasma Membrane
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4
Q

Characteristics of Plant Cells?

A

1-Plants have cell wall
2-No lysosomes, just a centeral volecule.

3-Contains Mitochondria
4-Contains Chloroplast

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5
Q

Characteristics of Animal Cells?

A

1-Animals do not have a cell wall
2-They Contain Lysosomes
3-The contain Mitochondria
4- They do not have chloroplast

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Is surrounded by 2 membranes, they fuse together to for a nuclear pore. This is where DNA exists, this is where transcription occurs. This the largest Organelle in the cell.

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7
Q

What is the Nucleolus

A

It is not an enclosed membrane, it is the densest part of the nucleus, RNA begins life here. This is where we make Ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the golgi complex

A

it is like a stack of pancackes, all proteins enter at the side that is closest to the nucleus and exit at the side that is furthest away from the nucleus. THEY GO FROM THE SIS TO THE TRANS SIDE

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9
Q

What are Peroxisomes?

A

Are surrounded by two membranes, this is where photosynthesis occurs. Plants and Algae have chloroplasts. They convert solar energy and turn it into sugar.

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10
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria

A

Take sugar molecules and break them down to release energy. It is also where most ATP is made

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11
Q

What is the function of Smooth ER?

A

It stores calcium, it has a detox center and here is where lipids and sex hormones are made

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12
Q

What is the function of ROUGH ER?

A

To fold and mod proteins,

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of the cell outside of the nucleus

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14
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

It digests things

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15
Q

What are Flagella?

A

Long Microtubules

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16
Q

What are Ceilia?

A

Short Microtubules

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17
Q

What is the function of Anchoring Junctions?

A

They hold cells next to one another, it serves a structural purpose to hold cells together, there a lot of Anchoring junctions in our SKINS CELLS

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18
Q

What is the function of Tight Junctions?

A

They Hold cells so tightly so nothing can leak between the cells, they occur in body cavities/ intestines.

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19
Q

What is the function of Gap Junctions?

A

They are tunnels that connects two cells together so that they could exchange cytoplasm from one cell to another, This allows for rapid chemical and electrical communication. We have a lot of Gap Junctions in our hearts.

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20
Q

What is the function Microtubules?

A

largest, they help with movement, act as railroad tracks to move things from one place to another. If you are outside of the cell you could use a FLAGELLA OR CEILIA TO MOVE. They also make up the michotic spindle is used in cell reproduction.

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21
Q

What is the function of Microfilaments?

A

they line the inside of the plasma membrane. They are also involved in exocytosis and endocytosis. They are also involved in reproduction because they make up the cleavage furrow.

22
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments used for?

A

They maintain size and shape if cells, they also line the inside of the nucleus.

23
Q

What is an examples of microfilaments?

A

Actin

24
Q

Where do Carbohydrate Branches occur?

A

On the outside of the Cell

25
Q

Where do Actin Filaments

A

On the inside of the cell

26
Q

What are the characteristics and function of RIBOSOMES?

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

They are not surrounded by a membrane

27
Q

What is the major component of a biological membrane?

A

The phospholipid

28
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Is where small solute particles are always going to go from high to low (they are always going downhill)

No energy is required, No Proteins Required (Because we are moving downhill)

29
Q

What goes across by SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A

Small, Non Polar Hydrophobic molecules such as

testosterone (Cannot move charged Particles, nothing with a plus or minus charge)

30
Q

What does Facilitated difussion do

A

It goes from high to low (downhill) no energy is needed But it requires a protein

31
Q

What goes across with Facilitated diffusion?

A

Large objects or polar (Hydrophilic) particles, Even something with a charge can be moved, anything can be moved as long as it is smaller than the proteins.

32
Q

What re the function of Active Transport

A

Active transport is where we are moving against the gradient.

We are pumping something uphill so it REQUIRES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP, A PROTEIN IS ALSO NEEDED

33
Q

How do the The Sodium potassium ATP Pump work?

A

3 sodium’s go out 2 potassium’s will come in.

every time this happens the protein undergoes confrontational changes and one molecule of ATP is used up.

34
Q

What is Phagocytosis used for?

A

Humans use it in our immune system to attack and destroy bacteria this is how our white blood cells. (reachs out and grabs something swallows it and engulf and bring it into the cell )

35
Q

What does Pinocytosis Do?

A

membrane folds in and pinches something until it brings something into the cell, brings in anything BY CHANCE. Can increase water and solute.

36
Q

What does Receptor Mediated endocytosis do?

A

this uses a protein to bring in a specific compound. Brings anything that binds to the receptor.

37
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water across a membrane

38
Q

Hypotonic

A

Few solutes but a lot of water.

39
Q

Hypertonic

A

Large amounts of solutes, little water

40
Q

Isotonic

A

ISO means Equal, that means we have the same amount of water and the same amount of solutes on both sides of the membrane.

41
Q

What is the FIRST LAW of THERMODYNAMICS?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed, this means the total amount of energy is constant.

42
Q

What is the SECOND LAW of THERMODYNAMICS?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

43
Q

What is the definition of a Enzyme?

A

An Enzyme is a biological catalyst that will speed up the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy of activation. The Enzyme is not changed or altered by the reaction ( When considering before and after)

44
Q

What happens iF DELTA G IS NEGATIVE?

A

The reaction WILL OCCUR

45
Q

How do we know if a reaction will take place according to DELATA G

A

If DELTA G IS NEGATIVE

46
Q

What happens if DELTA G IS POSITIVE (+)

A

The reaction WILL NOT OCCUR

47
Q

What does it mean when DELTA G IS AT ZERO (0)

A

It means that Delta G is at EQUILIBRIUM

48
Q

What does the energy of Activation tell us?

A

How quickly a reaction will occur

49
Q

What affect does do Enzymes have on DELTA G?

A

they have no affect on DELTA G

50
Q

What is an ACTIVE SITE?

A

is thet part of the enzyme to which the substrate binds and the catalytic reaction will occur here

Biology Final Exam Review (6 decks)

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