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Biology Final Exam Review > Bio Exam DNA Review 1 > Flashcards

Bio Exam DNA Review 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

It is Double Stranded Helix,Strands are Anti-Parallel, the strands run in opposite directions

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2
Q

What are the Complementary Base Pairing Rules?

A

A=T. A and T are held together by two Hydrogen Bonds. G=C. G and C are held together by three hydrogen bonds. DNA has uniform width.

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3
Q

Where are the bases located?

A

On the inside

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4
Q

Where are the Phosphates Located?

A

On the outside

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5
Q

How long is DNA?

A

DNA is three rings wide

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6
Q

5^1 GTAACG 3^13^1 CATTGC 5^1

A

5^1 GTAACG 3^13^1 CATTGC 5^1

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7
Q

What enzyme replicates DNA?

A

DNA Polymerase

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8
Q

How does Polymerase work?

A

Polymerase only works 5 prime to 3 prime

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9
Q

EKARYOTES:

A

Can make DNA about 2000 bases a min we are slowed down because we packaged DNA. Humans have thousands origins of replication

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10
Q

PROKAYOTES

A

Can make DNA at 50,000 basses a min, prokaryotes have one origin of replication.

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11
Q

What does Helicase do?

A

It unwinds DNA and puts it into a single stranded form.

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12
Q

What do Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBP) do?

A

They Keep DNA in sing stranded form.

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13
Q

What does Primase do?

A

It is going to ad a primer to the DNA and it is made up of RNA and not DNA

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14
Q

What is DNA Polymerase and what is its function?

A

is the enzyme that makes the DNA, it is only going to make DNA 5 prime to 3 prime.

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15
Q

What is Topoisomerase?

A

Is the enzyme that releases the stress on the DNA.

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16
Q

What is the function of DNA Ligase?

A

It connects the Okazaki fragments together

17
Q

How do DNA Polymerase Proof Read?

A

by going 3 prime to 5 prime.

18
Q

Mature Messenger RNA

A

5^1 Gcap/3^1 poly A tail. (The tail can be up to 250 A’s in length) in the center we are going to have a open reading reign which is bound by a start codon and a stop codon.

19
Q

Does messenger RNA code for all protein?

A

No it only codes for some of it

20
Q

What is an INTRON?

A

A intron is going to intervene we are going to throw them out. They are going to be thrown out with what is referred to as a splicing reaction in which we are going to take the intron and cut them out and connect the exons together. (This only occurs in Eukaryotes)

21
Q

What happens once introns are removed?

A

Once the introns are removed we add the 5 prime Gcap and the 3 prime poly A tail.

22
Q

What are the three reasons why we need the? 5^1Gcap 3^1 poly A tail.

A

So we know we are finished (transcription is finished)Transportation out of the Nucleus To prevent degradation

23
Q

What happens to the Exon?

A

It Is expressed so we are going to keep it.

24
Q

Aminoacytle rTRNA synthase

A

adds an amino acids on to transfer RNA

25
Q

The single stranded regions of tRNA have importance because?

A

• The 3 prime has the sequence CCA and binds to the amino acid, this is where the aminoacyl tRNA synthases adds the amino acid on to the transfer RNA • The T loop allows transfer RNA to set into the ribosome properly , this is how it is going to get into the A site of the ribosome. • The bottom is the anticodon this is going to base pair with the codon on the messenger RNA • The D loop allows for the aminoacyl tRNA synthases to add to the enzyme properly, to interact with it so we can add the amino acid.

26
Q

Definition of Gene?

A

Functional units of DNA that code for the aa sequence in one or more polypeptide chains, or for one of several types of RNA that do not form a protein (tRNA = Transfer RNA, rRNA = Ribsomial RNA, snRNA = small nuclear RNA, and microRNA)

27
Q

What is a promoter?

A

is the location DNA which h tell you where transcription is going to occur, and it is bound by RNA Polymerase. Promoter occurs upstream.

28
Q

How is RNA Made?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

29
Q

Which strand is used to make

A

We could use either the top strand or the bottom strand.

30
Q

What type of RNA do we make the most of?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

31
Q

How are Ribosomes made?

A

Ribosomes are made is two separate parts: small subunit and a large subunit. Each one consisting of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins, they have to be kept separate until they are going to be used. This is where protein synthesis occurs

32
Q

What is tRNA?

A

tRNA is referred to as the adaptor molecule, it adpats because we are changing the system. This is going to allow us to bring in amino acids.

33
Q

The adaptation that takes place in transfer RNA is that it allows us to change from a base to base pairing scheme to a base to amino acid pairing scheme

A

The adaptation that takes place in transfer RNA is that it allows us to change from a base to base pairing scheme to a base to amino acid pairing scheme

34
Q

What is the Anticodon a part of?

A

Transfer RNA

35
Q

What is the Codon a part of?

A

Messenger RNA

36
Q

What does Messenger RNA Consist of?

A

Messenger RNA consists of bases and Proteins consist of amino acids.

37
Q

What does Messenger RNA contain?

A

Messenger RNA contains the message for the protein it tells you what proteins you are supposed to make

38
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

A

Initiation TF = Transcription Factors

TF binds to TATA box in the promoter

RNA polymerase bind Remaining TFs bind
All three of these step must be completed

Elongation

Here we are going to make RNA)

RNA polymerase runs down the double stranded DNA and makes a strand of RNA reading the bottom of DNA strand. Follows the complementary base pairing rules

	 DNA                   RNA
	---------               ----------
	    A                        U
	    C                        G
	    G                        C
	    T                        A

Termination

Process continues until termination signal is reached and RNS polymerase is bumped off the DNA realing the completed RNA transcript

39
Q

TRANSLATION

A

Initiation

1 Three substances come together, small subunit of the ribosome binds messenger RNA which binds to the initiator trRNA

2 This complex is joined by the Large ribosomal subunit

ELONGATION

  1. Translation begins at an AUG and ends at UAA,UAG, or UGA
  2. P site holds growing protein chain attached to tRNA. It is held in place through complementary binding of its anti codon with the codon on the mRNA
  3. A site accepts the next tRNA with the new A.A
  4. Proteins forms covalent peptide bond with new A.A
  5. Everything moves down 3 bases
  6. Old A site is ne P site
  7. New A site awaits for the next tRNS

Termination
1 elongation continues until stop codon reached

2 release factor binds does not call for AA

3 protein is released from the ribosome

4 ribosome falls apart

Biology Final Exam Review (6 decks)

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