Evolution 2 Flashcards
Classification
Process by which living organisms are sorted into groups
7 taxonomic groups
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kings party continuously only for giant sausages
Why classify organisms
To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links
How classify
Separated into 3 domains archaea bacteria and eukarya
As move down the hierarchy organisms become more similar and share more characteristics
Binomial nomenclature
First word start w capital is organisms Genus
Second word is the species
Underline or in italics
5 kingdoms
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotae
Unicellular
No nucleus/ membrane bond organelles
Protoctista
Unicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Chloroplasts - photosynthesis food production
Fungi
Unicellular/multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Nutrients acquired by absorption
Plantae
Multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Chlorophyll
Autotrophs
Store as starch
Animalia
Multicellular
Nucleus and membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts
Move w cilia flagella and contractile proteins
Heterotrophic feeders
Store as glycogen
3 domains and differences
Eukarya- have 80s ribosomes and rna polymerase contains 12 proteins
Archaea - have 70s ribosomes rna polymerase contains 8-10 proteins
Bacteria have 70s ribosomes and rna polymerase contains 5 proteins
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Trees - show different species evolved from common ancestor
Produced by looking at physical and genetic make up
Advantages of phylogenetic classification
Confirm classification groups are correct
Produces a continuous tree
Linnaean classification can be misleading as it implies those in the same group writhing same rank are equivalent
Evidence for evolution
Palaeontology
Comparative anatomy
Comparative biochemistry- chemical make up
Comparative anatomy
Homologous tructure is a structure why appears structurally different in different organisms but has same underlying structure
Divergent evolution
Homologous structures prove that there is a common ancestor different species have evolved from
Types of variation
Interspecific- differences between different species
Intraspecific - differences between organisms within the same species
Causes of variation
Differences in genetic material- genetic variation
Environmental variation
Genetic variation
Allele variants eg eye colour
Mutations
Meiosis - independent assortment/crossing over
Chance
Environmental causes
Diet- nutrition to grow
UV- melanin in skin darkens
Intelligence?
Discontinuous variation
Discrete data
Clear groups
Eg blood group controlled by single gene
Continuous variation
Polygenic
Frequency table - histogram
Adaption types
Anatomical - physical
Behavioural - acts
Physiological - inner processes
Anatomical adaptations
Body coverings
Camo
Teeth
Mimicry
Etc
Behavioural
Innate behaviour or learned behaviour
Survival behaviours
Courtship
Seasonal behaviours- migration/ hibernation
Physiological adaptations
Poison production
Antibiotic production
Water holding
Analagous structures
Different species have developed structures with the same function but different genetic origin
Convergent evolution
When unrelated species begin to share similar traits
Similarities are due to organisms adapting to similar environments or selection pressures
Natural selection
Organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Selection pressures
Factors that affect the organisms chances of survival or reproductive success
Process of natural selection
Organisms within species show variation
Those who are well adapted to specific selection pressures are more likely to survive and reproduce
Pass this onto offspring
Repeated for every generation can lead to new species
Natural selection examples
MRSA developed antibiotic resistance
Sheep blowflies developed pesticide resistance
