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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Water structure

A

Polar molecule
Form hydrogen bonds
Solid less dense than liquid
Tetrahedral arrangement

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2
Q

Water properties

A

Cohesive moves as a mass due to h bonding
Adhesive water molecules attracted to other materials

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3
Q

Water uses

A

Acts as a solvent due to its polarity helping transport in and out cells
Efficient transport medium cohesion and adhesion in capillary action
Coolant
Stable doesn’t change temp easily ice floats forming insulating layer for organisms under to survive
High surface tension for pond skaters

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4
Q

Carbohydrate structure

A

Contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Also known as saccharides or sugars

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5
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose monosaccharide
Polar
Highly soluble in water due to hydrogen bonds forming
2 forms beta and alpha

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6
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Carbon 1 OH is below

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7
Q

Beta glucose

A

OH is above carbon 1

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8
Q

Condensation reactions

A

2 alpha glucose molecules react
Hydroxyl groups interact forming water
Glycosidic bond is formed
Disaccharide forms - maltose

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9
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose and glucose

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10
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose and glucose

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11
Q

Starch

A

Glucose is stored as starch after photosynthesis
Polysaccharide

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12
Q

Amylose

A

joined together by 1/4 glycosidic bonds
Forms a helix which is stabilised by h bonds less soluble and good for storage

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13
Q

Amylopectin

A

1/4 glycosidic bonds and 1/6 glycosidic bonds branches structure every 25 glucose subunits

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage in animals and fungi
More branches mor compact many free ends to quickly remove or add glucose

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose 1 upside dow forms 1-4 glycosidic bond
Straight chain molecule
H bonds with other strands forming microfibrils which form macrofibrils makes cell walls
Important in diet forms fibre difficult to break down

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16
Q

Lipids

A

Know as fast and oils
Contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Fats solid at rtp oils liquid at rtp
Non polar molecules

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17
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large complex molecules that aren’t built from repeating monomers

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18
Q

Triglycerides

A

One glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (carb acid)
Interact forming ester bonds
Esterification = condensation polymerisation
Store energy / insulation

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19
Q

Saturated fats

A

No double bonds present
Solid at rtp

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20
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Fatty acid w double bonds
Causes molecule to kink and bend so can’t pack closely therefore liquid at rtp
Plants contain these
Healthier?

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

Contain phosphate ions which are soluble in water
2 fatty acid hydrophobic tails
Surfactant - form thin layer on surface fatty tails sticking up
Key in cell membranes

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22
Q

Sterols

A

Complex alcohol molecules based on 4 carbon ring with oh one end which is polar hydrophilic
Cholesterol - keep fluidity of membrane and used in manufacturing steroid hormones and vitamin d etc

23
Q

Roles of lipids

A

Formation of hydrophobic barriers
Hormone production
Electrical insulation
Waterproofing
Long term energy storage providing thermal insulation buoyancy and cushioning of organs

24
Q

Amino acids

A

All have same basic structure
Varying R groups
20 AA commonly found
Require 9 essential

25
Synthesis of peptides
Carboxylic acid and amine form a peptide bond and water Catalysed by enzyme peptidyl transferase in ribosomes Different R groups interact forming different bonds which form different shapes
26
Primary structure
Only involves peptide bonds
27
Secondary structure
Atoms of aa structure interact forming H bonds Pulls into coil shape - alpha helix Can form sheet like structures forming beta pleated sheet Result of H bonding
28
Tertiary
Folding or coiling of protein brings R groups closer so interact Hydrophobic/Philic attractions H bonds Ionic bonds Disulphide bonds between sulphur atoms
29
Quaternary structure
Two or more subunits (polypeptide chains) Same as tertiary interactions Eg Hb
30
Types of proteins
Globular Conjugated Fibrous
31
Globular proteins
Compact, water soluble, roughly spherical hydrophobic on inside Insulin - hormone transported in blood stream so need to be soluble
32
Conjugated proteins
Globular proteins that contain a prosthetic group Eg haemoglobin is a conjugated globular protein because it is soluble and contains Fe2+ Catalase enzyme which contains 4 haem groups to interact w H2O2
33
Fibrous proteins
Long insoluble molecules due to high proportion of hydrophobic r groups Repetitive AA Eg Keratin large No of sulphur r groups form disulphide bridges Elastin quaternary protein stretchy fibrous molecules Collagen -3 polypeptide chains wound together like rope
34
Reducing sugar test
Grind sample and put in test tube Add equal vol of Benedict’s Heat mixture in water bath If sugar present reduces Cu2+ to Cu3+ turns to brick red
35
Non reducing test
First boil with HCl and then same test as reducing sugars
36
Test for starch
Add iodine if turn blue/black starch is present in the sample
37
Test for lipids
Emulsion test Mix with ethanol and shake if white emulsion present lipid present
38
Nucleotides
Contain Penrose monosaccharide phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Phosphate group bonds w oh group of Pentose sugar carbon 3- phosphodiester bond
39
Dna
Pentose sugar is deoxyribose one fewer oxygen than ribose Each nucleotide has 1/4 different bases
40
Pyrimidines
Single carbon ring Cytosine Thymine CaT Egyptian pyrimidines
41
Purines
Double carbon ring Adenine and guanine Pure-ine Ag- pure silver
42
Dna helix
Double strand held together by hydrogen bonding Run in opposite directions Allows dna to be copied and transcribed
43
Base pairing rules
Adenine and Thymine form 2 hydrogen bonds Cytosine and guanine form 3 hydrogen bonds
44
RNA
Transfer genetic info from dna mRNA is shorter so can leave nucleus Ribose sugar Thymine replaced by uracil
45
Semi conservative replication
DNA helix unwound and separate into 2 strands Free DnA nucleotide pair w comp base join up w phosphodiester bonds
46
DNA helicase
Unwinds and separates strands Catalyses breaking of hydrogen bonds
47
Dna polymerase
Catalyses formation of phosphodiester bonds between free nucleotides Can only bind to C3 3->5 replication
48
Continuous/discontinuous replication
Strand is unzipped from 3 end and continuously replicated as unzipping occurs Other strand is unzipped from the 5 end so dna polymerase has to fully wait until finished- dna produced in fragments (Okazaki fragments) - discontinuous replication
49
Start and stop codons
Triplet base sequence which starts coding of a specific protein so sequence isn’t read from base 2 for example Non overlapping code
50
Degenerate code
Lot more codons than AA AA can be coded for by many different codons
51
Transcription
DNA is unzipped DNA helicase Sense strand (coding strand) codes for protein from 5’ to 3’ Antisense strand acts as template rna comp base sequence as sense strand Phosphodiester bonds / RNA polymerase forming mRNA Leaves via nuclear pore to ribosome
52
Translation
mRNA binds to specific site on ribosome holds mRNA in position while decoded tRNA carries anticodon which comp pairs with mRNA also carries a specific amino acid which is joined together in correct sequence peptide bond forms Repeat until reach a stop codon
53
Test for proteins
Biuret test Purple positive result

Biology (24 decks)

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