Evolution

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

Gradual change in organisms over generations as a result of changes to frequency of gene alleles (genomic variations).

Question 2

What are the stages of evolution?

Answer 2

Common ancestor
Prokaryotes
Photosynthesis organisms
Eukaryotes
Multicellular organisms
Animals
Vertebrate animals
Land plants

Question 3

What is required for bioinformatics?

Answer 3

Fossil data
Sequence data

Question 4

What are the types of selection?

Answer 4

Sexual selection
Male to male competition
Female choice
Natural selection

Question 5

What is sexual selection?

Answer 5

The selection of traits that increase the reproductive success of the species.

Question 6

What is male to male competition?

Answer 6

Only the largest, strongest males mate and pass on the successful gene alleles altering their frequency.

Question 7

What is female choice?

Answer 7

Females choose males of high quality to father strong, healthy offspring with a high survival rate.

Question 8

What is natural selection?

Answer 8

Increased selection pressure for those with a selective advantage which reproduce and pass on favourable alleles to offspring.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of selection pressures?

Answer 9

Stabilising selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection

Question 10

What is stabilising selection?

Answer 10

Occurs in stable environments.
Means best adapted genotypes- extremes reduced.

Question 11

What is directional selection?

Answer 11

Most common during environmental change.
Moves average phenotype to one extreme in range that was originally less common.

Question 12

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 12

Favours two extreme phenotypes.
Intermediates selected against.
Disrupts the norm.

Question 13

What is speciation?

Answer 13

Forming a new species by mechanism called evolution.
Divergence of lineage from common ancestor.

Question 14

What are the two types of speciation?

Answer 14

Allopatric
Sympatric

Question 15

What’s the first step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 15

The members of population occupy the same environment. They share the same gene pool (genes) and interbreed freely.

Question 16

What’s the second step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 16

The population becomes split into 2 sub populations by a barrier.
Preventing interbreeding and gene exchange.

Question 17

What’s the third step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 17

Mutations occur at random.
Each population has different mutations.
Some mutations are favourable to give a selective advantage.

Question 18

What’s the fourth step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 18

Selection pressures are different in both environment.
Natural selection non randomly selects those with a selective advantage who reproduce and pass on alleles.

Question 19

What’s the fifth step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 19

The 2 genes pools are genetically isolated.
Cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 20

What’s the sixth step of allopatric speciation?

Answer 20

If after a very, very long time the barrier is removed they are no longer able to interbreed.
Speciation has occurred.

Question 21

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 21

Sub populations isolated by ecological/reproductive/behavioural barriers.