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evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macroevolution

A

change in a species/population over a very long period of time
ie: the tree of life

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2
Q

microevolution

A

adaptations that happen over a short period of time
ie: the grants saw 2 microevolutions happen in less than 5 years

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3
Q

species

A

a population that interbreed successfully to create fertile offspring

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4
Q

reproductive isolation

A

members of a species from the same population will not reproduce successfully have now become 2 new species
- drives speciation

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5
Q

reproductive barriers

A

prezygotic isolating mechanisms and postzygotic isolating mechanisms

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6
Q

habitat isolation

A

prezygotic - premating

members of an original population are separated and when they are reintroduced, they will not recognize each other and mate

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7
Q

zygote

A

when the sperm and an egg make 1 cell

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8
Q

temporal isolation

A

prezygotic - premating

species reproduce at different seasons or times of day

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9
Q

behavioral isolation

A

prezygotic - premating

birds don’t recognize each others’ mating calls, pheromones, or signals

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10
Q

pheromones

A

a scentless hormone that birds and mammals give off, what creates ‘chemistry’

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11
Q

mechanical isolation

A

mating - prezygotic

genitalia between the species are not suitable

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12
Q

gamete isolation

A

mating - prezygotic

the sperm cannot reach or fertilize the egg
ie: pH isn’t right

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13
Q

gamete

A

the sperm or egg

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14
Q

zygote mortality

A

fertilization - postzygotic

fertilization occurs, but the zygote doesn’t survive

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15
Q

hybrid sterility

A

fertilization - postzygotic

the hybrid survives but is sterile
- 2 different species mate = hybrid

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16
Q

hybrid

A

female horse + male donkey = mule
- height and size of horse, work ethic of donkey

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17
Q

dry islands

A

large beaks for crushing shells

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18
Q

tropical islands

A

small breaks for plucking small seeds

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19
Q

in between islands

A

any beak is good

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20
Q

pioneer population

A

1st finches to leave the mainland to go to the Galapagos
- would have some beak variation

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21
Q

why birds would leave their original habitat

A
  • lack of resources
  • feeling threatened
22
Q

miles between mainland and galapagos islands

A

600 miles

23
Q

anthropology

A

the study of man

24
Q

apex

A

something is at the top of the food chain
- ie tortoises in the Galapagos

25
Q

beak depth

A

take a ruler and measure beak from top to bottom of beak

26
Q

node

A

denotes a common ancestor
- ie: primates

27
Q

cladogram

A

device that shows you the evolutionary relatedness and the reasons they evolved to the next level

y-axis: timeline
x-axis: order they evolved

28
Q

transitional organisms

A

directly in between 2 species
ie: platypus

29
Q

first mammals

A

mesozoic era: monotremes and marsupials

30
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

hair, mammary glands, endotherms (warm blooded)

31
Q

monotreme

A

egg laying mammal (platypus)

32
Q

marsupial

A

pouched mammal - baby is born early and then stays in the pouch

33
Q

placental mammal

A

zygote forms in the mom

  • limbs for rapid movement
  • brain is well developed
  • large lungs
  • four chambered heart
  • adults take care of their young
    specialized teeth patterns
34
Q

primates on earth today

A

prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans

35
Q

prosimians

A

oldest (65 MYA)
- mostly nocturnal - big eyes for night vision

36
Q

monkeys

A

second oldest

37
Q

new world monkeys

A

monkeys that developed in South America and have a tail to hold onto trees

38
Q

old world monkeys

A

lived in places without a lot of trees (africa)

39
Q

great apes

A

orangutangs, chimpanzees, gorillas
94-96% of the same genetics to us
- india, africa, indonesia

40
Q

humans

A

newest primates

41
Q

anthropods

A

“man like”
- monkeys, apes, and us
- 45 MYA

42
Q

hominids

A

apes, humans
- 15 MYA

43
Q

characteristics of all primates

A
  • flatter faces w/ stereoscopic vision
  • cerebellum for higher order thinking
  • opposable thumbs and big toes (humans don’t have opposable big toes s we can walk father more comfortably)
44
Q

hominins v. hominids

A

hominins:
- spine comes out of bottom of the head
- s-shaped spine (redistributes weight above the pelvis)
- bipedal

hominids:
- spine comes out of the back of the head
- c-shaped spine
- quadrupedal

45
Q

date of oldest hominins

A

7 MYA

46
Q

date of austalopithecines

A

4 MYA, lucy = 3.2 MYA

47
Q

date of homo members

A

2.0 MYA

48
Q

date of homo habilis

A

2.0 MYA

49
Q

date of homo erectus

A

1.9 MYA

50
Q

date of homo neandertalensis

A

200,000 ya

51
Q

date of homo sapiens

A

200,000 ya

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