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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four stages of chemical and biological evolution

A

Stage 1: Small organic molecules

Stage 2: Macromolecules

Stage 3: Protocells (Cannot divide)

Stage 4: Living cells (Can divide)

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2
Q

The order of the evolution of different organisms

A

Prokaryotes: Have no nucleus
Single-celled eukaryotes
Multi-celled eukaryotes

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

Natural selection is the constant competition for limited resources, which leads to helpful traits becoming more prominent.

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4
Q

Lamarck vs. Darwin

A

Lamarck argues that characteristics are acquired over time

Darwin argues that desired characteristics are selected by natural selection

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5
Q

Critical elements of natural selection

A
  1. Variation
  2. The constant competition for limited resources
  3. Adaptation
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6
Q

Different types of evidence for evolution

A
  1. Fossils
  2. Biogeographical
  3. Anatomical
  4. Embryology
  5. Biochemical
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7
Q

Different characteristics of primates

A
  1. Adapted to living in trees
  2. Mobile forearms and hind limbs
  3. Grasping hands
  4. Flattened face
  5. Binocular vision
  6. Large, complex brains
  7. Reduced reproductive rate
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8
Q

Compare and contrast humans and chimpanzees

A

Human:

  1. Spine exits from the center of the skull because we are upright beings
  2. Spine is in the shape of an “S”
  3. Pelvis is bowl-shaped
  4. Arched foot
  5. Knee points inwards, making it more supportive

Chimpanzees:

  1. Spine exits at the rear of the skull
  2. Spine is in the shape of a “C”
  3. Pelvis is narrow
  4. Flat foot
  5. Knee points outwards
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9
Q

The three characteristics that determine if a fossil is a hominin

A
  1. Bipedalism
  2. Shape of face
  3. Brain size
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10
Q

The continent in which all early hominids are found

A

Africa

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11
Q

Three characteristics that a fossil is from the Homo genus

A
  1. Brain size > 600 cc
  2. Jaw and teeth like those of humans
  3. Evidence of tool use
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12
Q

Features of Homo habilis

A
  1. Small teeth
  2. Omnivore diet
  3. Tools (H. habillis= “handyman”)
  4. Brain areas related to language enlarged
  5. Discovered in Africa
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13
Q

Features of Homo ergaster

A
  1. Larger brain
  2. Flatter face
  3. Fire
  4. Tools
  5. Discovered in Africa
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14
Q

Features of Homo erectus

A
  1. Asia

2. Possibly originated in Africa; migrated to Asia and Europe

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15
Q

Features of Homo neandertalensis

A
  1. Discovered in Europe
  2. Large brow ridges
  3. Protruding jaw, teeth, nose
  4. Long pubic bone
  5. Larger brain
  6. Larger muscles
  7. Fire and tools
  8. Burial of the dead
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16
Q

Cro-Magnon

A
  1. Earliest modern Homo sapiens: Cro- Magnon
  2. Migrated to Asia and Europe from Africa
  3. Modern appearance
  4. Advanced tools
  5. Culture
  6. Language
  7. Art
17
Q

Out-of-Africa hypothesis

A

Humans evolved in Africa first and then migrated to Europe and Asia, thereby replacing extinct homo species.

18
Q

Human variation in ethnicities

A

Human variation in ethnicities is a result of adaptations to the local environment.

Some of these variations are beneficial, like smaller body size in colder areas, and darker skin in higher UV light exposure areas.

Others have no known benefits, like hair texture, upper eyelid folds, and lip shape.

There is more genetic variation within ethnicities than between ethnicities

Biology (10 decks)

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