Chapter 17

Question 1

Gamete

Answer 1

A mature sex cell (sperm/oocyte)

Question 2

Gonad

Answer 2

An organ that produces gametes

Testes/ovaries

Question 3

Gametogenesis

Answer 3

The meiosis of cells that form gametes

Question 4

Fertilization

Answer 4

The fusion of male and female gametes, where the output is a zygote.

Question 5

Anatomy of the male reproductive system

Answer 5

Ducts: Epididymis, Vas deferens, Urethra
Glands:
Seminal vesicles: Contribute to the fluid portion of semen
Prostate: Contribute to the fluid portion of semen
Bulbourethral: Contribute to the fluid portion of semen

Question 6

Penis

Answer 6

Purpose: The delivery system of the sperm, and a conduit for urine

Question 7

Male Gonad

Answer 7

The Testes

Question 8

Spermatogenesis

Answer 8

The process by which Spermatogonium develop into the final goal, being an immature sperm cell.

Steps:
1. Spermatogonium
[Mitosis]
2. Primary spermatocyte
[Meiosis I]
3. Secondary spermatocyte
[Meiosis II]
4. Early spermatid
5. Late spermatid
6. Immature sperm

Hormones controlling:
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Testosterone
Inhibin

Question 9

Anatomy of the female reproductive system

Answer 9

Structures of the external genetalia: Labia minora, Labia majora, and the Glans clitoris

Structures of the internal genetalia: Ovary, Uterus, Cervix (part of Uterus), Uterine tubes, Fimbriae (part of the Uterine tubes), and the Vagina

The fetus is developed in the Uterus

Purpose of the Oviduct: Connects the ovary to the uterus

Purpose of the Vagina: The birth canal, and it’s the region where sperm are deposited into the female body

Question 10

Female gonad

Answer 10

The Ovary

Question 11

Oogenesis

Answer 11

The differentiation of the ovum into a cell competent to further develop when fertilized.
It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation.
Oogenesis is initiated in the embryonic stage

Question 12

Follicles and follicular cells

Answer 12

Follicles:

Purpose of the follicular cells: to protect and carry the egg cell/oocyte

Steps of the follicular phase:

1. Primary follicle; contains an oocyte, and begins to develop and produce estrogen, which causes it to grow into a secondary follicle
2. Secondary follicle; contains a secondary oocyte, which is a haploid cell. It continues producing estrogen as well as progesterone, and it keeps growing until it become the largest, becoming a vesicular or Graafian follicle.
3. The Graafian follicle keeps growing, until it eventually pops.

Estrogen and progesterone control the process

Question 13

Ovulation

Answer 13

When the secondary oocyte is released

Luteinizing hormone surge that triggers it

Question 14

Corpus luteum

Yellow body

Answer 14

A structure composed of endecrine cells, that were the remains of the ruptured Graafian follicle.

The Corpus luteum’s job is to pump out lots of progesterone and estrogen

If a pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum maintains the hormones for the following two weeks.

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into a structure called the corpus albicans, which is essentially just scar tissue. This will eventually be reabsorbed by the body.

Question 15

Hormones controlling the menstrual cycle

Answer 15

Causes the lining to begin growing: Progesterone

Causes the lining to continue growing: Estrogen

Causes lining to remain thick throughout pregnancy: Estrogen

A drop in this hormone triggers menstruation: ?

Question 16

Types of birth control methods part 1

Answer 16

HORMONAL ~98-99% effectiveness

Birth control pills: Synthesized hormones, which will replace natural hormones, which will prevent ovulation
Contraceptive injections: Can be VIA tubes or a shot

BARRIER
Male condom: Prevent STDs, and if used properly, ~89% effective
Female condom: Prevent STDs, and if used properly, ~79% effective

IMPLANTATIONS
Intrauterin device (IUD): Having a formed body, either copper or copper with hormones, prevents the implantation of a zygote. Has a success rate of ~99%

The only form of birth control that is 100%, is abstinence

Question 17

Types of birth control methods part 2

Answer 17

SURGICAL ~99.8% effective
Vasectomy: The vas deferens are cut, cauterized, clipped, put back in, and sutured up.
Tubal ligation: The fallopian tubes are cut, cauterized, and tied back. This is much more invasive because the tubes are in the pelvic cavity.

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
“Morning-after pill”: Provide hormones that are going to prevent implantation of the zygote.
“Abortion pill”: Blocks progesterone receptors in the uterus, which causes the uterus to shed its lining. So if a fetus does start to develop, as soon as the uterine lining begins to shed, the fetus would be aborted.