Chapter 22 Flashcards
Nucleic acids
Building blocks: Nucleotides
Different types: DNA and RNA
DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil
Gene
A short segemnt of DNA that contains instructions for a specific trait
They are found in chromosomes
A genome is all the genes of an individual
A proteome is all the proteins of an individual
Protein synthesis
Transcription and translation
Transcription
Occurs in the nucleus
Translation
Occurs within the ribosomes, inside of the cytoplasm
Introns
Non-coding regions of RNA
Exons
Coding regions of RNA
Codons
64 Codons
4x4x4
60 code for amino acids
1 code for start
3 code for stop
Some amino acids have more than one corresponding codon
Anticodons
Complementary to the codons
Contained in tRNA
Mutation
A change in DNA/genes, and is random
Gene expression
- DNA in the nucleus serves as a template for mRNA
- mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus
- mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes
- tRNAs with anticodons carry amino acids to mRNA
- Anticodon-codon complementary base pairing occurs
- Polypeptide synthesis takes place one amino acid at a time
PCR
A method in which DNA can be used in biotechnology. DNA is amplified so that it can be better studied/analyzed
Products: PCR can be used for DNA sequencing, DNA fingerprinting
DNA sequencing
Uses dye that can be detected by lasers. The dye is attached to the nucleotides so that an automated sequencing machine can provide a digital representation. Requires the process of PCR to amplify the DNA.
DNA fingerprinting
This is used to identify samples
DNA editing
Targets specific sequences in DNA for removal or replacement
Products: CRISPR
