Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the evidences of evolution?

A

Homologous structures

Analogous structures

Comparative embryology

Vestigial structures

Molecular biology

Homologous genes

Biogeography

Fossil records

Artificial selection

Direct observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are homologous structures?

A 
homo = the same
logous = having a correspondence / relation

shared physical structure, therefore common ancestor

same structure (bones in same relative position), different function / appearance = ADAPTIVE RADIATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are analogous structures?

A 
ana = again, anew, TOWARDS
logous = having a correspondence / relation

similar function, different structure, therefore convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

some homologous structures only seen in embryos

therefore, development programmes of vertebrates have small variation of common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

homologous structures to other organisms, yet NO PURPOSE

therefore, reduce = evolutionary “leftovers” = vestigial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

principle of common descent
REINFORCED by modern biochemistry + molecular chemistry

code to translate nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences
ESSENTIALLY SAME 4 FOR ALL ORGANISMS (A,C,G,T)

DNA similarity (diversification) = relatedness of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are homologous genes?

A

idea behind 2 species have ‘same gene’ bc of common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is biogeography?

A

geological distribution of organisms follows pattern of distribution of evolution and tectonic plate movement

evidence: fossils
e. g.: marsupials common in Australia & placentals rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are fossil records?

A

preserved remains of previously living organisms

most organisms never fossilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does fossilisation occur?

A

soft body parts decay, hard parts (calcium carbonate) remain

absence of condition = formation of deposits

= fossils

+ preserved trails = covered by sediments (becomes sedimentary rock), forms in stratas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are fossils dated?

A

radiometric dating = process that measures radioactive decay of certain elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

intentional reproduction of individuals in a pop. with desirable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is direct observation?

A

visible evidence of evolution

e.g. colour change, chemical resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is speciation

A

pop. of a species gradually diverge into seperate species by evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Darwin’s theory?

A

natural selection:

mutations = variation

unfavourable mutations selected against

reproduction and mutation

favourable mutations increase survival

reproduce

MOST RESPONSIVE SURVIVES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Lamark’s theory?

A

species changed as a result of the habitual use/disuse of a feature

modifications passed in genes over time

17
Q

What are the factors of the natural selection theory?

A
  1. traits are heritable
  2. overproduction of offspring - competition for resources
  3. struggle for survival - environmental pressures = diff. reproduction
  4. variation in pop.
  5. reproduce
  6. evolution
18
Q

What is the mneumonic for the theory of evolution?

A

ICE AGE

Inherited variation
Competition
Environmental pressures

Adaptation
Genotype frequency
Evolution

19
Q

What are the different types of evolution?

A

divergent

convergent

parallel

coevolution

punctuated equilibrium

gradualism

20
Q

Can you explain divergent evolution for me?

A

2 species gradually become diff.

responsible for diversity of 1st cell

responsible for evolution

specification

homologous structures

e.g. Finches

21
Q

Can you explain convergent evolution for me?

A

not closely related

independently evolve similar traits

result of environmental pressures

analogous structures

e.g. insects / bats / birds
MIMICRY - consequence of warning coloration

22
Q

Can you explain coevolution to me?

A

equal to / more than 2 species evolve in tangent by exerting selection pressures on each other

usually close environmental interactions
e.g. parasite, prey & predator, competition, mutalism

23
Q

Can you explain to me punctuated equilibrium?

A

evolutionary change in short periods of time (~ 500,000 years) and tied to speciation

contrasts Darwin’s theory, evolution only happens in rapid bursts

24
Q

Can you explain to me gradualism?

A

gradual selection & variation

small variations eventually change population

25
Q

What are the types of selection and draw their graphs?

A

directional

disruptive

stabilising

sexual selection

artificial selection

26
Q

What does directional selection involve?

A

extreme phenotypes favoured, therefore shift to that phenotype

advantageous allele increases, consequence of diff. survival & reproduction compared to other phenotypes

27
Q

What does disruptive selection involve?

A

extreme values favoured over intermediate ones

trait variance increases = division into 2 species

28
Q

What does stabilising selection involve?

A

favours intermediate traits / variants

pop. mean stabilises on non-extreme trait

most common type of selection

29
Q

What does sexual selection involve?

A

members of 1 biological sex choose mates of the opposite sex

compete wt members of same sex for access to opposite sex

30
Q

What does artifical selection involve?

A

humans use plant / animal breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits by selecting which would sexually reproduce

31
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution?

A

PRINCIPLE: evolution can only occur if there is change in gene frequency wtin a pop. over time

mutations

natural selection

gene flow

genetic drift

32
Q

Can you explain what the mechanism of evolution known as mutations means?

A

random change in pop.’s gene pool

change in DNA of 1 / more chromosomes

mutations = new alleles = VARIATION

33
Q

Can you explain what the mechanism of evolution known as natural selection means?

A

occurs when organisms subjected to environmental pressures

genes of less fit organisms eventually lost

MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISM

34
Q

Can you explain what the mechanism of evolution known as gene flow means?

A

evolution during migration from 1 group to another

migrating individuals interbreed = VARIATION
therefore establishes gene flow

increases similarity btw remaining pop.s of the same species

35
Q

Can you explain what the mechanism of evolution known as genetic drift means?

A

small group of individuals leave pop. & establish a new pop. in a geographically isolated region

fitness of species does not = genetic drift

DOES NOT OCCUR IN LARGE POP.

Biology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions