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Eveything else needed for midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 sections of pelvis?

A
  • pelvis major (false pelvis)

- pelvis minor (true pelvis)

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2
Q

where is the pelvis major (false)?

A

Between the illiac fossa superiorly and the pelvic brim inferiorly

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3
Q

what does the pelvis major (false) contain?

A

Contains abdominal viscera such as parts of the small intestine and sigmoid colon

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4
Q

where is the pelvis minor (true)?

A

Between pelvic brim superiorly and pelvic diaphragm inferiorly

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5
Q

what does the pelvis minor (true) contain?

A

Contains bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs, and some intestinal tract if it reaches.

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6
Q

what is the linea terminalis?

A

Imaginary line that separates the true and false pelvis. Runs from the sacral promontory to the symphysis pubis.

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7
Q

what are the components of the osseous?

A 
-Os coxae (hip bones)
ilium
ischium
pubis
-sacrum
-coccyx
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8
Q

what does the os coxae consist of?

A
  • ilium
  • pubis
  • ischium
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9
Q

where do the os coxae bones meet and fuse?

A

in the acetabulum

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10
Q

what is the largest hip bone?

A

ilium

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11
Q

what is the ala?

A

Superior ilium has large wing like surface

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12
Q

where is the iliac crest?

A

Iliac crest is the superior margin limited anteriorly by the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posteriorly by the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

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13
Q

where is the origin for the iliacus muscle?

A

Inner aspect of the ala

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14
Q

where do the bodies of the pubic bones meet?

A

symphysis pubis

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15
Q

what is the small projection lateral to the body of the pubic bone?

A

pubic tubercle

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16
Q

where does the superior pubic ramus extend?

A

laterally from pubic tubercle to ilium

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17
Q

what forms the pectineal line?

A

Sharp superior margin of pubic ramus forms the pectineal line – continuous with arcuate line (pelvic brim)

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18
Q

where does the inferior pubic ramus extend?

A

inferiorly from body to connect with ischium. (2 = pubic arch)

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19
Q

what is the pubic arch in males and females?

A

<70° in males, > 80° in females

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20
Q

where is the ischium bone?

A

Inferior portion of os coxae

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21
Q

what is the ischiopubic ramus?

A

Ramus of ischium meets ischium of pubis bone

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22
Q

what is the ischial tuberocity?

A

Posteroinferior border of ischium has a bulky, rough surface

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23
Q

where is the ischial spine?

A

superior border of lesser sciatic notch and inferior border of greater sciatic notch

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24
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

5 fused distal segments of the vertebral spine

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25
Q

what marks the posterior portion of the pelvic inlet/brim?

A

Sacral promontory

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26
Q

what are sacral foramina?

A

Anterior and posterior bilateral columns or sacral nerve passage

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27
Q

what is the most inferior portion of the spine?

A

coccyx

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28
Q

does the coccyx offer support?

A

no

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29
Q

what are the 3 parts of the hip joint?

A
  • greater trochanter
  • neck
  • head
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30
Q

female and male differences of pelvis

A

look at slides (PowerPoint)

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31
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the pelvis major?

A

pelvic brim, linea terminalis

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32
Q

What articulates with the auricular surface of the ilium?

A

sacrum

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33
Q

What bones form the os coxa?

A

illium
ishium
pubic bones

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34
Q

Where do the three bones of the os coxa meet?

A

the acetabulum

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35
Q

Which Pelvic bone is most inferior?

A

ischium

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36
Q

Which bone articulates with the sacrum inferiorly?

A

coccyx

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37
Q

What is the pelvis minor also referred to as?

A

The true pelvis

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38
Q

A pelvis with an acute subpubic angle belongs to which gender?

A

Male

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39
Q

what are the muscles of the false pelvis?

A
  • Iliopsoas muscle
    • Psoas Major
    • Iliacus
  • Rectus Abdominus
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40
Q

what does the iliopsoas consist of?

A

-psoas
-iliacus
joins at the crest level

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41
Q

where does the iliopsoas coarse?

A
  • Courses anteriorly along the linea terminalis
  • Travels over pelvic brim
  • Inserts onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
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42
Q

what are the muscles of the true pelvis?

A
  • obturator internus
  • pelvic diaphragm
    - coccygeus
    - levator ani
    - iliococcygeus
    - pubococcygeus

-pirformis

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43
Q

what muscles cover the true pelvic wall?

A
  • obturator internus

- piriformis

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44
Q

what part of the wall does the obturator internus cover?

A

covers antero-lateral wall of true pelvis

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45
Q

where does the obturator internus travel?

A

Originates on inner inferior aspect of obturator foramen, crosses it and leaves pelvis through the lesser sciatic notch where it makes a sharp turn to insert on the medial surface of the greater trochanter.

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46
Q

what action does the obturator internus do?

A

rotates thigh

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47
Q

where does the piriformis travel?

A

Originates on anterior surface of the sacrum, pass through greater sciatic notch to insert on greater trochanter of femur

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48
Q

what action does the piriformis muscle do?

A

rotation and abduction of the thigh

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49
Q

what muscles cover the pelvic outlet?

A
  • peritoneum (anal and urogenital triangle)
  • pelvic diaphragm
  • urogenital diaphragm
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50
Q

what muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  • levator ani (pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus)

- coccygeus muscles

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51
Q

what muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm?

A
  • transversus perineal

- external urethral sphincter

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52
Q

what muscles make up the urogenital triangle?

A
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • superficial Transversus Perineal
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53
Q

what muscle makes up the anal triangle?

A

Sphincter Ani muscle

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54
Q

what muscles aid in the contraction of the vagina and rectum?

A

levator ani muscles

  • pubococcygeus
  • iliococcygeus
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55
Q

where is the Pubococcygeus muscles?

A

Most medial and anterior muscles of the pelvic diaphragm extends from pubic bone to coccyx

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56
Q

where is the iliococcygeus muscle?

A

Lie posterolateral to the pubococcygeus - extend from lateral pubic bone and ischial spine to coccyx

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57
Q

where is the coccygeus muscle?

A

Most posterior muscle pair of the pelvic diaphragm - extend from ischial spine to the coccyx

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58
Q

what muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm?

A
  • Deep Transverse Perineal (aka transverse perinei)

- External Urethral Sphincter

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59
Q

where does the Deep Transverse Perineal travel?

A

horizontal muscles originating on ischial tuberosities and passing medially to insert on central perineal tendon

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60
Q

where does the External Urethral Sphincter travel?

A

voluntary (unlike internal urethral sphincter). Stops urine from exiting the bladder.

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61
Q

what is the outline of the diamond?

A

Diamond shaped area between pubic arch anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly and ischial tuberosities laterally.

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62
Q

where does the Superficial Transverse Perineal travel?

A
  • Arise on ischial tuberosities and pass medially to insert on central perineal tendon.
  • Divides perineum into urogenital and anal regions
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63
Q

where does the Ischiocavernosus travel?

A

Arise on ischial tuberosities, pass forward to insert on pubic arch and crus of penis (males) or clitoris (females)

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64
Q

where does the Bulbospongiosus travel?

A

Median line of urogential region.
Female - separated by urethra/vagina.
Male - unite midline and encircle corpus spongiosum of penis

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65
Q

what are the extra pelvic muscles?

A

Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus

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66
Q

What muscle forms the anterolateral wall of the minor pelvis?

A

obturator internus

67
Q

Which muscle fill the greater sciatic notch?

A

periformis

68
Q

which muscles fills the lesser sciatic notch?

A

obturator internus

69
Q

What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

70
Q

What muscle of the perineum extends from the ischial tuberosity to the central tendon?

A

transverse perineal muscles

71
Q

what is the path of the external iliac arteries?

A

follows pelvic brim, then becomes femoral artery

72
Q

what is the path of the internal iliac arteries?

A

supplies to the true pelvis

73
Q

where is the rectouterine pouch?

A

In females!!!

between rectum and uterus

74
Q

where is the the vesicouterine pouch?

A

in females!!

between the bladder and uterus

75
Q

where is the rectovesical pouch?

A

in males!!!

between rectum and bladder

76
Q

where do the ureters coarse?

A

Upper half of ureters are in the abdomen but cross over pelvic brim anterior to the internal iliac artery origin.

77
Q

is the bladder in the false or true pelvis?

A

true pelvis

78
Q

where does the bladder sit in females?

A

Bladder rests on pelvic floor, posterior to symphysis pubis

79
Q

where does the bladder sit in males?

A

Prostate gland is between urinary bladder and pelvic floor

80
Q

where is the urethra in males?

A

Urethra projects inferiorly from bladder to exterior (through the prostate gland in males)

81
Q

where is the External urethral orifice?

A

orifice opens into the vestibule just anterior to the vagina

82
Q

what are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

A
  • Prostatic Urethra
  • Membranous Urethra
  • Penile (Spongy) Urethra
83
Q

where does the male urethra extend?

A

Extends from internal urethral orifice to external urethral orifice at the tip of the glans penis

84
Q

where do the Ejaculatory ducts from prostate gland open into?

A

Prostatic Urethra

85
Q

what is the shortest/narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous Urethra

86
Q

what is the trigone?

A

Area of bladder formed between the openings for 2 ureters and one opening for the internal urethral orifice. This area is the most sensitive to pain.

87
Q

In the male, the rectovesical pouch is a peritoneal cul-de-sac between which two organs?

A

bladder and rectum

88
Q

What organ is in between the bladder and the pelvic floor in the male?

A

prostate gland

89
Q

What three openings form the corners of the trigone in the urinary bladder?

A

uteteral openings (2), internal urethral orifice

90
Q

What is the most proximal portion of the male urethra?

A

prostatic

91
Q

What are the female reproductive structures?

A
  • ovaries
  • ovarian tubes (fallopian tubes)
  • uterus
  • vagina
92
Q

look at slide 11

A

male vs female

93
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Large fold of peritoneum that covers uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries

94
Q

what divides the pelvic cavity into two compartments?

A

broad ligament

95
Q

what does the anterior compartment of the pelvis hold?

A

bladder

96
Q

What does the posterior compartment of the pelvis hold?

A

rectum

97
Q

where do the round ligaments travel?

A

extend from the uterine horns to the anterior pelvic wall. They pass through the inguinal canal and attach to subcutaneous tissue of labia majora

98
Q

what does the uterosacral ligaments connect?

A

uterus to sacrum

99
Q

where does the lateral cervical (cardinal) ligaments travel?

A

extend from lateral walls of cervix to the pelvic floor and stabilize the cervix

100
Q

what ligaments hold the uterus?

A
  • round ligament (2)
  • uterosacral ligament (2)
  • lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament (2)
101
Q

what are the ligaments that hold the ovaries?

A
  • mesovarium
  • ovarian ligament
  • suspensory ligament
102
Q

where does the mesovarium travel?

A

attaches ovary to posterior layer of broad ligament

103
Q

where does the ovarian ligament travel?

A

a cord-like thickening in the broad ligament, attaches ovary to lateral wall of uterus

104
Q

where does the suspensory ligament travel?

A

extension of broad ligament, carries ovarian vessels and attaches ovary to lateral pelvic wall

105
Q

how many oocytes are in your ovaries at birth?

A

250 000

106
Q

what is the ovarian fossa?

A

Shallow depression in lateral wall of pelvis on either side of uterus

107
Q

what are the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A
  • slender tubes about 10cm long, located in upper border of broad ligament
  • Extend from upper lateral angle of the uterus to the ovarian region
  • Lumen is continuous with uterine cavity
108
Q

what is the Infundibulum?

A

funnel-shaped distal portion of uterine tube which is edged with fingers like extensions called fimbriae

109
Q

are the ovaries and uterine tubes connected?

A

no

110
Q

Look at basic physiology review on powerpoint

A

slide 17

111
Q

what are the layers of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium: inner layer
  • Myometrium: middle muscular layer
  • Perimetrium: serous peritoneum continuous with broad ligament (outer layer)
112
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A
  • fundus
  • horn
  • body
  • cervix
  • external os
113
Q

What is the horn of the uterus?

A

Area where uterine tube and uterus connect

114
Q

what is the external os?

A

opening of cervix into vagina

115
Q

where does the vagina travel?

A
  • 10-15cm long muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vestibule on the exterior
  • Located posterior to the urethra and anterior to the rectum
116
Q

what is a fornix?

A

the recesses of the vagina around the cervix.

117
Q

what is a vulva (pudendum)?

A

collective term referring to all portions of the external female genitalia

118
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

subcutaneous fat pad anterior to symphysis pubis. Area where pubic hair grows during puberty

119
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

Two large folds of skin filled with subcutaneous fat located at the lateral margins of the vulva

120
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

Two thin, delicate folds of skin located medial to the labia majora but lateral to the urethral and vaginal openings. United anteriorly to form the prepuce over the clitoris

121
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

inferior to mons pubis and between the anterior ends of labia minora

122
Q

what is the Vestibule?

A

narrow cleft between the two labia minora. Bordered by the clitoris at the anterior end

123
Q

what is the Urethral Orifice?

A

Opens into the anterior portion of the vestibule

124
Q

what is the vaginal orifice?

A

Opens within the vestibule, posterior to the urethra

125
Q

what is the paraurethral and greater vestibular glands?

A

secrete mucous for lubrication, located on either side of urethral and vaginal orifices

126
Q

What is the largest peritoneal ligament that supports the uterus?

A

broad ligament

127
Q

When the uterus is in the normal position, in what direction is the fundus pointed?

A

anteriorly

128
Q

What portion of the uterus projects downward into the vagina?

A

cervix

129
Q

Which of the two fornices of the vagina is closely related to the rectouterine pouch?

A

posterior

130
Q

What is another term for the vulva?

A

pudendum

131
Q

What peritoneal ligaments extend laterally from the uterine body to attach it to the pelvic floor?

A

cardinal

132
Q

what are the organs in the male reproductive system?

A 
Testes
Scrotum
Ductus Deferens
Ejaculatory Duct
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral Glands
Penis
133
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

Paired, primary male reproductive organs suspended in a sac of skin

134
Q

what is Each teste is covered by a tough, fibrous connective tissue called?

A

tunica albuginea

135
Q

how many lobules does the tunica albuginea divide the teste into?

A

300

136
Q

what is seminiferous tubules?

A

Each lobule contains 1-3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which is where spermatogenesis takes place

137
Q

what is each teste covered by superficially?

A

tunica albuginea by the tunica vaginalis – derived from peritoneum

138
Q

in testes the parietal layer lines the _____, visceral layer covers the _______

A

parietal layer lines the scrotum, visceral layer covers the teste

139
Q

what is the path of spermatids in the testes?

A

The spermatids produced in the seminiferous tubules pass through the rete testis to the efferent ducts and into the epididymis for maturation and storage

140
Q

what is the epididymis?

A

flattened, tightly coiled tubular structure on posterior surface of each teste

141
Q

what are the vas deferens?

A

transports the sperm to the ejaculatory duct

142
Q

what is the scrotum divided by?

A

median raphe (septum).

143
Q

each teste is suspended by a _______

A

spermatic cord

144
Q

where does the spermatic cord extend?

A

Originates at the inferior border of the teste at the tail of the epididymis and extends superiorly to the inguinal canal

145
Q

what is located in the spermatic cord?

A 
Testicular artery
Spermatic veins/venous plexus
Cremasteric muscles
Vas deferens/Ductus deferens
Nerves and lymph vessels
Connective tissue
146
Q

what is the vas deferens?

A

Thick-walled muscular tube that is continuous with the epididymis.

147
Q

where does the vas deferens coarse?

A

within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, crosses over external iliac vessels, goes up and around the posterior part of the bladder to join with the duct in the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct

148
Q

where is the seminal vesicles located?

A

between the bladder and rectum

149
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

It’s secretion has a high fructose content to provide an energy source for the sperm

150
Q

what part of the urethra does the prostate gland surround?

A

prostatic

151
Q

what is another name for bulbourethral gland?

A

cowper’s gland

152
Q

what is cowper’s gland?

A

In response to sexual stimulation, they secrete a small amount of an alkaline, mucoid substance that neutralizes the acidity of the spongy urethra and lubricates the tip of the penis

on Posterolateral to the each side of the membranous urethra

153
Q

what are the 3 cylindrical masses of eretile tissue in the penis?

A
  • corpora cavernosa (2-dorsal)

- corpus spongiosum (1-midventral)

154
Q

what does flacid mean?

A

pointing down

155
Q

what extend to form the glands penis?

A

corpus spongiosum

156
Q

what is the bulb of the penis?

A

Proximal end of corpus spongiosum
Anchored to urogenital diaphram
Enclosed by bulbospongiosum muscle of perineum

157
Q

what is the crura of the penis?

A

Proximal ends of corpora cavernosa that attach to ishiopubic rami, covered by ishiocavernosus muscle

158
Q

what is the glands penis?

A

distal end of body, has opening for urethra

159
Q

what is prepuce of the penis?

A

aka: foreskin – the skin that covers the body of the penis continues over the glans penis as the prepuce.

160
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that surrounds the testes and extends inward to divide the testes in lobules?

A

tunica albagenia

161
Q

What bundle of structures extend from the testes to the inguinal canal?

A

spermatic cord (vas deferens, blood vessels, nerves, muscles)

162
Q

What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?

A

prostate

163
Q

What erectile tissue forms the two dorsal cylinders in the body of the penis?

A

carpus cavornosa

164
Q

What portion of the root of the penis is anchored to the urogenital diaphragm?

A

bulb

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