Everything for TEST 1! Flashcards
Similarities of Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis
Both a form of IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)
Both cause inflammation & ulcer formation
Cause is UNKNOWN- suggested due to a faulty immune system in overdrive…may be triggered by environment and genetics
Flare ups are common followed by remission
Increased risk of colon cancer
Cirrhosis complications
jaundice
ascites
portal hypertension
neurologic changes (buildup in ammonia that crosses blood brain barrier- delirium)
Medication used to decrease bilirubin levels
lactulose therapy
Leading cause of liver cancer:
cirrhosis
Major cause of cirrhosis
hepatitis c (major)
fatty liver can also induce cirrhosis
prolonged and excessive use of alcohol (alcohol subjects liver to stress)
clinical manifestations
Elevated liver enzymes (CBC, pro-thrombin)
distended abdomen
firm abdomen
weight loss, fatigue
dry skin, rashes, ecchymosis
vascular lesions with red center
tendency to bleed
spider angioma
clinical manifestations
Elevated liver enzymes (CBC, pro-thrombin)
distended abdomen
firm abdomen
weight loss, fatigue
diagnosis for liver cirrhosis
MRI
CT scan
Nonsurgical Interventions for cirrhosis
pain management
nutritional therapy
low sodium diet, fluid and electrolyte
Drugs to be given to cirrhosis patients
diuretics
antibiotics sometimes given
Hepatitis can occur during a
secondary infection
infection from another virus
Hepatitis can occur during a
secondary infection
infection from another virus
Hep A transmission
fecal-oral route
Hep B transmission
through sexual intercourse with affected parter
through contact with blood or other body fluids
symptoms of hep B
anorexia
nausea
fatigue
fever
right upper quadrant pain
joint pain
jaundice
light stool?
which hepatitis is waterborne
Hep E!
India, africa, Middle East, countries that don’t have source of clean water
which hepatitis is waterborne
Hep E!
major difference between chronic and acute hepatitis
chronic is reoccurring (chronic more specific to B and C)
acute: first attack, may progress to chronic
clinical manifestations of liver cancer
ascites
edema
Transplant complications
rejection!
infection
2 types of cholecystitis
acute
chronic
2 types of cholecystitis
acute
chronic
Goal of drug therapy for GI disorders is to treat:
peptic ulcers
nausea
constipation
diarrhea
IBS
IBD
Histamine2- Receptor Antagonists purpose:
Gastric and duodenal ulcers
heartburn, dyspepsia
Erosive esophagitis
Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD)
Aspiration pneumonitis
Hypersecretory disorders (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [gastrin]), systemic mastocytosis [histamine])
Histamine2-Receptor Antagonist drugs:
Prototype drug: ranitidine hydrochloride (ZANTAC)
Cimetidine (TAGAMET)
Famotidine (PEPCID)
Physiologic change in compartment syndrome:
increased compartment pressure
increased capillary permeability
release of histamine
increased blood flow to area
pressure on nerve endings
increased tissue pressure
decreased oxygen to tissues
increased production of LACTIC ACID
muscle ischemia
tissue necrosis
Clinical findings of compartment syndrome:
edema
pulses present
pink tissue
pain
cyanosis
allow
unequal pulses
tense muscle swelling
tingling
numbness
severe pain unrelieved by drugs
paralysis
What is a fat embolism?
fat globules are released from the yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream within 12 - 48 hours after an injury or other illness
these globules clog small blood vessels that supply vital organs- most commonly the lungs, and impair organ perfusion
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) usually results from
fractures or fracture repair but occasionally is seen in patients who have total joint replacement