European Renaissance and Reformation

Question 1

Two major influences to European society?

Answer 1

Holy Wars over Canin, and the Bubonic Plague

Question 2

People began questioning the role and power of ___?

Answer 2

The Church

Question 3

Renaissance

Answer 3

Rebirth or renewal

A movement attributed to Northern Italy from approximately 1300-1600

Question 4

Humanism

Answer 4

An intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievement.

Humanists examined past works identifying their values and morals

Question 5

Secular

Answer 5

Worldly rather than spiritual. Concerned with the here and now.

Question 6

Perspective

Answer 6

Showing three dimensions on a flat surface.

Painters used this to provide reality, personality, and character.

Question 7

Vernacular

Answer 7

Native language

Question 8

Utopia

Answer 8

The ideal society

Question 9

Reformation

Answer 9

The action or process of reforming an institution or practice.

Question 10

Heretic

Answer 10

A person whose religious belief differs from the established religious order.

Question 11

Protestants

Answer 11

Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

German Princes that sided with Luther’s teachings.

Question 12

Annul

Answer 12

Set aside

Question 13

Theocracy

Answer 13

Government controlled by religious leaders

Question 14

Jesuits

Answer 14

1540, the Pope created a religious order for his followers

Question 15

Cities once governed by Kingdoms or Empires were now ___?

Answer 15

Self governed city-states

Question 16

The Bubonic Plague (Black Death) killed ___?

Answer 16

30%-60% of all Europeans from the 1340s to early 1350s

Question 17

Humanists started the era of ___?

Answer 17

Material luxury, music, and fine foods and spirits.

People began living in the moment after the Plague.

Question 18

What book and author examines the imperfect conduct of human beings?

Answer 18

The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli

Human beings are: Selfish, Fickle, and Corrupt.

Question 19

Cosimo de Medici

Answer 19

Won control of the Florence Republic using their wealth.

Medici used his influence to sway the actions of representatives.

Question 20

Who improved the printing press arond 1440?

Answer 20

Johann Gutenberg of Germany

Lead to the spread of Renaissance ideas, poetry, stories, and philosophy

Question 21

What was the name of the first full-sized printed book?

Answer 21

Gutenberg Bible

1455

Question 22

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 22

Believed in the use of reasoning to interpret the holy scripture, emphasizing the individual over the role of the Church.

Led to the term Utopia

Question 23

Martin Luther

Answer 23

A monk who wrote the 95 Theses to challenge the Church

Excommunicated since the Church saw his ideas as a threat to order

Question 24

Luther’s Teachings:

Answer 24

People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness.

All church teachings should be based on the words of the Bible.

All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

Question 25

The Peasant’s Revolt in 1524 resulted in ___?

Answer 25

Death of 100,000 peasants. The revolters felt betrayed by Luther and rejected his leadership.

Luther wrote to the princes of Germany to crush the revolt

Question 26

What did Emperor Charles V do after defeating the Protestant Princes?

Answer 26

Peace of Augsburg: He sent the princes to Augsberg and declared that each prince has the authority to decide the religion of their state.

Had to follow rules placed by the Church.

Question 27

John Calvin

Answer 27

Published Institutes of the Christian Religion. Led to the creation of the model city of Geneva, Switzerland

Calvinism

Question 28

John Knox

Answer 28

Spread Calvinism to Scotland. Followers were known as Presbyterians

Question 29

Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)

Answer 29

1545-1563 at the Council of Trent, Catholic Bishops and Cardinals signed several doctrines into rule of law

Question 30

Index of Forbidden Books

Answer 30

In 1559, Church officials established a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic Faith.

Question 31

The Feast of St. Bartholomew (St. Bartholomew’s Day)

Answer 31

Catholic mobs hunted and killed Protestants in the streets of France. The massacres continued for six months, experts suggest more than 12,000 Protestants were murdered. (genocide)

Question 32

Calvinism led to ___?

Answer 32

Hostilities between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinism followers)

Question 33

Other Notable Reforms:

Answer 33

Anabaptists and Women’s Reform

Anabaptists believed in secondary baptism in adulthood. Women celebrated more freedoms and prominence during the Reformation, though it was short-lived.

Question 34

The Act of Supremacy

Answer 34

1533 - Parliament declared King Henry VIII’s new marriage legal. He became the head of the English Church.