Europe and the Middle Ages

Question 1

In the 15th century scholars in northern Italian cities began to think that they were living in a new ___ in which the glories of ancient ___ and ___ were being reborn.

Answer 1

era, Greece, Rome

Question 2

In between their own time and classical antiquity was a long period of ___ and barbarism which came to be known as the ___. This interpretation is known as ___ history lesson.

Answer 2

darkness, middle ages

traditional/conventional

Question 3

Another interpretation of this that this era was not a period of stagnation but rather a time of enormous intellectual ___ and ___. This interpretation is known as the ___ history lesson.

Answer 3

energy, creative vitality

revised

Question 4

In the 9th century which prayer was often uttered around Europe?

Answer 4

“Save us, O God, from the violence of the Northmen”

Question 5

Besides raids from Vikings, groups from central Europe such as the ___ who came to be known as the Hungarians, also attacked European settlements.

Answer 5

Magyars

Question 6

By 100 descendants of the Vikings ruled Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and northern France, a province that became known as ___

Answer 6

Normandy

Question 7

Definition: A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.

Answer 7

Vassal

Question 8

Definition: A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter’s oath of loyalty.

Answer 8

fief

Question 9

Definition: A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.

Answer 9

feudalism

Question 10

Definition: The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord’s jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.

Answer 10

manorialism

Question 11

Definition: A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.

Answer 11

serf

Question 12

In 1066 A.D. William of ___ a French speaking descendant of the Vikings, won the ___ throne by winning the Battle of ___.

Answer 12

Normandy, English, Hastings

Question 13

William of Normandy ordered compilation of what became known as the ___ Book which survived as a source of ___ and economic information about ___ England.

Answer 13

Domesday
social, economic
medieval

Question 14

In 1215, the English King ___ was required to sign the ___, a document that claims that everyone , even the ___ must obey the law.

Answer 14

John
magna carte
king

Question 15

The outright selling of church offices was called___.

Answer 15

simony

Question 16

The ___ councils of 1059 A.D. was an attempt to make the church independent from secular rulers and it proclaimed that the power to elect the ___ rested solely in the college of ___.

Answer 16

Lateran
pope
cardinals

Question 17

Pope ___ VII argued that papal orders were the orders of ___ and he excommunicated bishops who opposed him.

Answer 17

Gregory, God

Question 18

Monasteries and convents were deeply affected by issues of ___, ___, and ___ and they often became wealthy.

Answer 18

money, rank and power

Question 19

In 1098 A.D. a new religious order called the ___ attempted to go back to a simpler lifestyle, but soon they became wealthy as well.

Answer 19

Cistercians

Question 20

Order such as the Dominicans and the ___ appeared and a papal Inquisition became a special court to root out ___.

Answer 20

Franciscans, heresy

Question 21

Apart from the land, weather , legal and social conditions, ___ had the greatest impact on the daily lives of ordinary people in ___ Europe.

Answer 21

religion, medieval

Question 22

In what ways was the village church the center of community life?

Answer 22

Social, political, economical and religious

Question 23

The entire calendar was designed with reference to ___, ___ and Pentecost.

Answer 23

Christmas, Easter

Question 24

The cult of ___ which developed in a rural and uneducated environment, represents a central feature of popular ___ in the Middle Ages

Answer 24

saints, culture.

Question 25

Each saint became the property of the locality in which his or her ___ rested, often enclosed in the church alter.

Answer 25

relics

Question 26

In the 11th and 12th centuries, Christianity expanded into ___, the ___ lands, ___ Europe and Spain.

Answer 26

Scandinavia, Baltic, Eastern

Question 27

More and more Europeans thought of themselves as belonging to a realm of Christianity that was ___ as well as religious, a realm they called ___.

Answer 27

political, Christendom

Question 28

The ___ Peninsula included Portugal and Spain. The attempt to expel Muslims from this Peninsula was called the ___.

Answer 28

Iberian

Reconquista

Question 29

In the 11th and 12th centuries the expansion of Christianity included the ___ - wars sponsored by the ___ to recover the holy city of ___ from the Muslims.

Answer 29

Crusades, papacy, Jerusalem

Question 30

The word crusade means ___.

Answer 30

taking up the cross

Question 31

Another motivation for the Crusades was to strengthen the position of the pope as the leader of Christian society in the ___.

Answer 31

west

Question 32

In exchange for their participation in the Crusades, people would be forgiven of their ___.

Answer 32

sins

Question 33

The First Crusade did capture ___ in July ___.

Answer 33

Jerusalem, 1099

Question 34

The Crusaders were also ___- during the 4th Crusade they stopped in the city of ___and grabbed thousands of ___ and sold them in Europe.

Answer 34

robbers,Constantinople, relics

Question 35

The actions during the Crusades ___ the entire movement in the eyes of many Christians.

Answer 35

discredited

Question 36

What were some of the seriously negative sociopolitical consequences of the Crusades?

Answer 36

1. Disaster for Jewish-Christian relations

2. Deep bitterness in the Christian-Muslim relations

Question 37

Late in the 9th century intellectuals described Christian society as divided in to those who___, those who___, and whose who ___ – a model that can still be used with a few modifications.

Answer 37

pray, fight, work

Question 38

Those who worked on the land probably made up more than ___% of the population.

Answer 38

90

Question 39

Most peasants who worked were serfs and serfdom was a ___ condition.

Answer 39

hereditary

Question 40

The ___ was the basic unit of medieval rural organization and the center of rural life.

Answer 40

manor

Question 41

The mainstay of the diet for everyone in the Middle Ages was ___, meat was usually only eaten on great feast days and ___ was the universal drink - providing needed calories.

Answer 41

bread, wine

Question 42

Which qualities came to be associated with chivalrey

Answer 42

• Code of conduct to fight to defend the Christian faith
• Bravery
• Generosity
• Honor
• Graciousness
• Mercy
• Gallantry toward women

Question 43

The growth of towns was made possible by a rise in ___, increased agricultural ___ and a minimum of peace and political stability.

Answer 43

population, output

Question 44

Medieval towns were almost always enclosed by ___ and ___ guilds were organized by artisans.

Answer 44

Walls, crafted

Question 45

Animal and human ___ was dumped in the front of houses.

Answer 45

waste

Question 46

Italian cities, especially ___ led the West in trade.

Answer 46

Venice

Question 47

The ___ League was formed to facilitate trade in northern Europe.

Answer 47

Hanseatic

Question 48

The gradual transformation of Europe from a manorial society to a more complex mercantile society is referred to in the text as the commercial ___.

Answer 48

revolution

Question 49

As towns developed into intellectual and cultural centers a new type of educational institution emerged - the ___.

Answer 49

University

Question 50

___ was viewed as the queen of the sciences because it involved the study of ___ who was said to make all knowledge possible.

Answer 50

Theology, God

Question 51

In the early 12th century, many students went to the city of ___ to study at the cathedral of ___.

Answer 51

Paris, Notre Dame

Question 52

The goal of the Scholastics was to arrive at definitive answers and provide a rational explanation for what was believed on ___.

Answer 52

faith

Question 53

At the University of Paris, Thomas ___ wrote his Summa __ – an attempt to systematically explain what Christians believed.

Answer 53

Theologica

Question 54

The standard method of teaching was the ____.

Answer 54

lecture

Question 55

Between 1300 and 1450 Europeans experienced a frightful series of shocks: ___ change, economic ___, ___, war, social ___.

Answer 55

climate, decline, plague, upheaval

Question 56

Europeans suffered from what historical geographers called the “little ___ age” and almost all of northern Europe suffered a terrible ___ between 1315 and 1322.

Answer 56

Ice, famine

Question 57

In 1347, the ___ swept across much of Europe - of a total population of 4.2 million, probably ___ million died. In response, some people sought release in wild ___, while others turned to the severest forms of ___ and frenzied religious fervor.

Answer 57

Black Death
1.4
living
ascetiscm

Question 58

In 12th century France a new architectural style developed - it was dubbed ___ by later Renaissance architects who thought that only uncouth ___ could have invented such a dis-unified style.

Answer 58

Gothic, goths

Question 59

The cathedral was intended to teach the people the doctrines of the ___ faith through ___..

Answer 59

Christian, image

Question 60

England and France fought for 116 years in what became known as the ___.

Answer 60

Hundred Years War

Question 61

The victory of the French rest heavily on ___, who was burned as a heretic in the French city of ___ in 1431, later to be made a saint in the year ___.

Answer 61

Joan of Arc
Rouen
1920

Question 62

When three men all claimed to be Pope the scandal was called the Great ___. In 1414 the Council if ___ was convened to correct the situation.

Answer 62

Schism, Constance

Question 63

The ___ was over, but those who had hoped that the council would also reform ___ in the church were disappointed and a fundamental issue had been raised which eventually lead to the ___.

Answer 63

schism, problems, protestant reformation

Question 64

The Renaissance begins when Cosimo de Medici and his friends search Europe for ___.

Answer 64

manuscripts

Question 65

Simply reading pagan authors like ___ and ___ was punishable by excommunication from the church.

Answer 65

Plato, Socrates

Question 66

Popes could excommunicate Christians guilty of ___ which was believing anything other than what the church preached.

Answer 66

heresy

Question 67

Brunelleschi used ___ as supports for first time in 1000 years, creating a revolution in architecture.

Answer 67

columns

Question 68

Cosimo’s patronage of Burnelleschi helped the Medici family gain ___.

Answer 68

power and prestige

Question 69

The ___ banking family, who resented the power of the Medici, had ___ arrested.

Answer 69

Albizzi, Cosimo

Question 70

Brunelleschi was jailed and forced to stop work on the dome when his patron was found guilty of treason against ___.

Answer 70

Florence

Question 71

Cosimo escaped from the tower that was his prison by ___ the guards

Answer 71

bribing

Question 72

When Cosimo was finally asked to return to Florence, he had even more power and prestige, The Medici banks became the most important banks in Europe as they collected money for the ___.

Answer 72

pope

Question 73

Cosimo de Medici’s patronage of Baldesari Cossa paid of when Cossa became Pope ___

Answer 73

John XXIII

Question 74

Florence was proud to be the only ___ in Europe; the government was often corrupt.

Answer 74

Republic

Question 75

Seventy percent of all Renaissance ___ lived and worked in Florence.

Answer 75

artists

Question 76

Brunelleschi also invented linear ___.

Answer 76

perspective

Question 77

Once the dome was finished, Cosimo organized the ___ of Florence which brought people from all over the world to his city.

Answer 77

General Council

Question 78

When Cosimo died in 1464, the Florentines declared him ___; father of the fatherland.

Answer 78

Pater Patriae

Question 79

To Christians it was the city of Constantinople, but the Turks renamed it ___.

Answer 79

Istanbul

Question 80

The Byzantine Emperor ___ needed help from western Christians because the ___ were poised to overrun Constantinople, so he asked for it in a letter to the Pope.

Answer 80

Alexis, Turks

Question 81

The dominant monastery in Europe at the time of the Crusades was located at ___ in the country of France.

Answer 81

Cluny

Question 82

In the ___ century, the monastery at Cluny included the largest enclosed place in the world.

Answer 82

11th

Question 83

In 1073, Pope ___ had made moves to largest consolidate the power of the pope and Western Europe was becoming known as ___.

Answer 83

Gregory VII, Christendom

Question 84

Pope Gregory’s successor ___ received the letter from Alexis in 1095.

Answer 84

Urban II

Question 85

Christian Knight such as ___ faced a moral dilemma because they were being taught that Christ’s advice was to turn the other cheek. Pope Urban II resolved the dilemma by claiming it was only a sin to kill a Christian

Answer 85

Tancred

Question 86

It seemed that war would be a form of ___, an assistance to ___ and a form of ___.

Answer 86

penance, salvation, devotion.

Question 87

The first victims of the First Crusade were ___ in German cities like Worms. Karen Armstrong observes that crusading institutionalized ___.

Answer 87

Jews, anti-semetism

Question 88

Medieval maps put ___ at the center of world, and this was the destination of the “Pilgrims in Arms.”

Answer 88

Jerusalem

Question 89

Historian Steve Runciaman refers to the crusades as ___ invasions.

Answer 89

barbarian

Question 90

When the crusaders reached Constantinople they must have been impressed because it was larger than all the Christian cities of ___ combined. They crossed the ___, which is 800 yards wide, into Asia.

Answer 90

Europe, Bosphorus

Question 91

The People’s Crusade mistakenly attacked Christians in Asia and committed hideous atrocities. When they were captured by Turks they had the option of death or conversion to ___, which included ___. In an ambush the ___ was wiped out.

Answer 91

Islam, circumcision, People’s Crusade

Question 92

Knowing about the Crusades can help us understand why there is long-standing ___toward the West among Muslim societies.

Answer 92

resentment