Europe

Question 1

Judaism’s core beliefs

Answer 1

Abraham was the patriarch of the Jewish faith and got a call from god to spread the monotheistic faith. There were a set of 466 rules, much like the ten pillars of hinduism and core beliefs of Islam. Men conduct the patriarch.

Question 2

Judaism’s Impact on Society
Gender

Answer 2

Men conducted the patriarch

Question 3

Judaism’s Impact on Society
Literacy

Answer 3

Had to be highly literate to read the Torah. The Torah was hand written in Hebrew, read right to left.

Question 4

Judaism’s Impact on society
Communities

Answer 4

Diaspora of Jews lived under the romans and was unable to worship false gods, so they stuck out because they refused to participate in ceremonies worshiping the Roman Emperor. There were diasporic communities in italy, egypt, ect, living in hiding.

Question 5

Judaism’s impact on society
Jobs

Answer 5

Carried away as slaves after they rebelled against the Romans

Question 6

Judaism’s impact on society
Persecution

Answer 6

Their taxes were raised because they didn’t participate in the worshiping of another false god, but they still refused. They rebelled, but their temples were destroyed, and they either had to flee or were carried away as slaves. Christians were intolerant to Jews.

Question 7

Christianity’s core beliefs

Answer 7

Teaches a close and personal relationship with god. 10 Major commandments. Follows the idea that you can be saved and go to heaven as you repent or confess your sins. Centers on teachings in the Bible.

Question 8

Christianity’s impact on society
Religious hierarchy

Answer 8

God, religious ruler/Pope, religious nobility (cardinal/advisors, Archbishops, bishops), Priests/Monks, believers. Pope was the conduit of God.

Question 9

Christianity’s impact on society
Church power

Answer 9

Pope controls access to heaven. Being kicked out of the church is excommunication, meaning you are no longer a christian and will go to hell. Interdiction means everyone who lives under the lands of someone who gave it to them also gets excommunicated, meaning if a king where to get kicked out, so would his subjects.

Question 10

Christianity’s impact on society
Literacy

Answer 10

had to be literate in Latin to read and copy the bible.

Question 11

Christianity’s impact on society
Money/ Economy

Answer 11

Greed is a sin so they looked down on merchants. They were meant to give money to the church so they can help people who were less fortunate, so it’s illegal to be rich. Was seen as a reason to attack Jews because there were no ethical laws in judaism to make money for yourself.

Question 12

Christianity’s impact on society
Sacraments

Answer 12

6/7 sacraments to get to heaven were to get baptized, confess your sins during first reconciliation, and eat christ’s body and blood during first communion, confirmation, get married or become part of the clergy/marry to god, Anointing of the sick and your last rites, which is to confess all your sins

Question 13

Christianity’s impact on society
Gender

Answer 13

Nuns had the opportunity to get out of the patriarchy. Similar to filial piety. Women were not made in god’s images, so they had no authority, couldn’t teach, witness a crime, work in business, or judge people for their sins, just like Confucianism.

Question 14

Christianity’s impact on society
Monks

Answer 14

Lived in monasteries like Buddhism, as well as nuns. Helped the poor. Work, pray, copy, study, ect.

Question 15

Ideal Feudalism
Basis of Wealth

Answer 15

Fief-holding became the most important thing a lord could give to his vassals. King has the most amount of land. Vassals would pay taxes to their lords and the lords would pay taxes to the king.

Question 16

Ideal Feudalism
Social Order

Answer 16

King has the most amount of power because they have the most amount of land. They give their land to Vassals in return for owed service to another. Vassals pay taxes as well as their troops. They swear their loyalty. Had to pay to their nonreligious lord, but also to the church.

Question 17

Ideal Feudalism
Feudal pyramid

Answer 17

King-Bishop>Lord>Vassals>Knights-Priests>Serfs/Laborer

Question 18

Feudalism in Reality

Answer 18

Very decentralized and a confusing web of vassals. Had absolute power of their lands except for the king who supersedes. Nobles enforce any laws on their own land.

Question 19

The Crusades 1096-1204
Effects

Answer 19

Relearn about ancient greek and roman science. Math and Philosophy was reintroduced. It was to stabilize Christian borders. Al-andalus became a center of learning with a large library. Rushd’s commentaries on aristotle influenced Maimonides to influence Christian philosophers. Islamic scientific innovations, along with knowledge transferred from India and China, and led the groundwork for the Renaissance and scientific revolution in Europe.

Question 20

The Crusades 1096-1204
Crusades

Answer 20

To recapture holy lands and stabilize christian borders. First was to temporarily have a Christian Kingdom in Jerusalem. Made a stand in constantinople and robbed their own people. Killed around 39,000 children on a crusade and damaged the Church’s image.

Question 21

The Crusades 1096-1204
Impact of the crusades on Trade

Answer 21

Desire for trade increases, like sugar, and citrus fruits. Had a rebirth of trade as ideas exchange from East to West. Urbanization of cities are coming back to life. Diets change because of Islam agriculture, like alfalfa, citrus fruits from itally, as well as different types of wheat. Urbanization causes increased food growth and population, Artisans run the cities

Question 22

The Crusades 1096-1204
Impact of the crusades on Trade

Answer 22

Desire for trade increases, like sugar, and citrus fruits. Had a rebirth of trade as ideas exchange from East to West. Urbanization of cities are coming back to life. Diets change because of Islam agriculture, like alfalfa, citrus fruits from itally, as well as different types of wheat. Urbanization causes increased food growth and population, Artisans run the cities

Question 23

New Technology from Trade

Answer 23

Paper making from China. New naval tech, like astrolabe from Byzantine empire, compass from China, lateen sail from the Indian ocean. More crops lead to the iron plow, horseshoe, horse harness, and water mill.

Question 24

New Ideas from Dar Al-islam

Answer 24

Islamic sceientif innovations, like astrolabe. Learned about Math and Science, arabic numerals, aristotle, algebra, geometry, ect.

Question 25

Points of cultural contact

Answer 25

Marco Polo introduced Mongolian clothing. Islamic scholarships and scientific innovations, as well as the knowledge transferred from India and China, it helped to lay the groundwork for the renaissance and scientific revolution in Europe.

Question 26

Rising literacy and education

Answer 26

Rising number of merchant class means they need education on trade so they build cathedral schools. Invited well known scholars to teach. Learned writing in latin, and liberal arts. Monasteries up up universities to learn about religion, math and science. Marco Polo’s book became legendary. Literature starts to be written in vernacular. Canterbury tales were social satires of monks, which gave it some humanism for more people to connect with them.

Question 27

Towns
reasons for growth

Answer 27

Population increases, so they need more food. They develop the three field system, meaning more food for everyone. Don’t need as many farmers, so they develop different specialized labor.

Question 28

towns
Development of City-states

Answer 28

Towns want to escape local nobles, so they create a Charter to escape the feudal pyramid. The noble’s power decreases. Artisans run the cities, not only because of their craft but because of their political power and the decrease in nobles. Had trade fairs to connect merchants in Italian city-states to Byzantium to Muslims.

Question 29

Guilds
Role of the Guilds in Life

Answer 29

Specialized labor systems where they have a league of masters in a kind of craft in a city. They control membership, production, quality, prices, and protect and provide for members who need help. Cities were not egalitarian so people weren’t equal. They had social affiliations so they supported each other.

Question 30

Guilds
Stages of Membership

Answer 30

Master, journeyman, apprentice

Question 31

New crops to Europe

Answer 31

Alfalfa. A different kind of wheat that makes people more full, citrus fruits, ect.

Question 32

Arrival of the Bubonic Plague (pathogen)
Trade and the plague

Answer 32

Trade routes bring the black death which led to economic decline

Question 33

Arrival of the bubonic plague
Impact on manorialism

Answer 33

Destabilized because nobody wanted to get infected if they were all in such close contact with each other.

Question 34

Arrival of the bubonic plague
Impact on urban areas

Answer 34

Decreased demand for goods and services and reduced productive capacity. Laborers became more scarce and were able to demand higher wages in order to continue on with their businesses.