eukaryotic, prokaryotic, viruses and specialised cells Flashcards
What surrounds the nucleus
Nuclear enclose which is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
What are and what to nuclear pores do
Allow the passage of large molecules such RNA
What is the nucleoplasm
Granular jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the cell
What are the chromosomes
Consist of protein bound linear dna
What is the nucleolus
Small spherical region within the nucleoplasm that manufacturers ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes
What are the functions of nucleus
Acts as the control centre of cell through the production of mRNA and tRNA
Retain genetic material of the cell in form of DNA
manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
What surround the mitrocondria
Double membrane that controls the enters and exit of material
What is the Cristae in mitrocondria
Extensions of the inner membrane
What does the matrix do in mitochondria
Makes up the remainder of the mitochondrion it consists of protein lipids ribosomes and DNA
What is the function of mitrocondria
Sites of aerobic respiration and responsible for the production of ATP
What does chloroplast do
Carry’s out photosynthesis
What is the chloroplast envoloope
Double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle
What is the grana
Stacks of up to 100 disc like structures called thylakoids
What is the stoma
Fluid filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis takes place
What so the granal membrane
For the attachment of chlorophyll
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
3D system of sheet like membranes and it continues with the outer nuclear membrane
What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Provides the a large surface area for the synthesis of Proteins and glycoproteins
Provides a pathway for the transport of materials especially proteins throughout the cell
What’s are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis store and transport lipids
Synthesis store and transport carbohydrates
What is the Golgi apparatus and what does it do
Occurs in almost all eukaryotic cells and consists of stack of membranes that make up flattened stacks with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles. The Golgi modifies the proteins then are transported Golgi vesicles where they fuse within the membrane release their contents to the outside
What is the function of Golgi apparatus
Add carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbs
Transport, modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes
How are lysosomes formed
They are formed when the vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus contain enzymes such as proteases
What are the functions do lysosomes
Hydrolyse material invested by phagocytic cells such as white blood cells
Releases enzymes to the outside of the cell
Digest worn out chemicals
Completely break down cells after they had died
What are the two types of ribosomes
80s found in eukaryotic cells
70s found in prokaryotic cells
What are the two subunits of ribosomes and what do they do
One large and one small which each contain ribosomal RNA and protein and they are the site of protein synthesis
What did the cell wall consist of
Microfibrils of the polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix
And have a thin layer called the middle lamella
What is the function of the cell wall
Provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water
To allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant
what is the vacuole
A fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane may be termed a vacuole
What is the function of the Vacuole
They support herbaceous tree pants
The sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
The pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
What are specialised cells
Cells that are designed to carry out a specific type of role in the body
What are the epithelial tissues
Are found in animals and consists of sheets of cells
What are organs
Lots tissue together to make up an organ
What is an organ system
Lord of organ together like the digestive system
Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic are larger and have a nucleus bounded by nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope)
Prokaryotic are smaller and have no nucleus or nuclear envelopes
What so the structure of bacterial cell
Cell wall made up of murrein and decreases a capsule
What is the structure of viruses
They are acellular non living particles and contain nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA and can only multiply inside the living host cell
