eukaryotes summary Flashcards
components of fungi cells which are unique to fungi
- coenocytic hyphae
- woronin bodies
- chitin cell wall
- zygospore
- sporangium
coenocytic hyphae
large multinucleated cells without a septum
woronin bodies
block septal pores following damage to hyphae.
prevent the extensive loss of cytoplasm.
chitin cell wall
chitin is a major poysaccharide that makes up the fungi cell wall along with glucans.
zygospore
sexual spore formed by zygomycetes
sporangium
asexual spore-bearing/spore-producing structure of fungi cells.
components of algae
chloroplasts are present as algae are photoautotrophic.
components of protozoa
- food vacuole
- contractile vacuole
- secretory vacuole
- locomotory organelles - flagella, cilia, pseudopodia.
food vacuole
phagocytic vacuole used to ingest food by phagocytosis
contractile vacuole
osmoregulation
secretory vacuole
contains enzymes
flagella
long thread-like extensions from the cell surface that move by spinning, whipping or moving like tentacles.
cilia
short hair-like structures extending from the cell.
cilia move with an oar-like stroke with a high degree of coordination
pseudopodia
pinching of the cell membrane that allows the cytoplasm to flow into its new position.
unicellular fungi asexual reproduction
yeasts reproduce asexually by budding
multicellular fungi asexual reproduction
multicellular fungi reproduce asexually by forming spores in the sporangium, these spores undergo mitosis to form mycelia. (genetically identical daughter cells)
multicellular fungi sexual reproduction
zygomycetes fungi carry out sexual reproduction when two opposite (+/-) mating type hyphae come together to form a zygospore. the nuclei fuse to form a zygote which goes through meiosis to form a sporangium. mitosis then occurs and the spores produced are not genetically identical.
fungi: exodigestion
fungi are saphrophytic - they feed on dead and decaying organic matter by exodigestion.
fungi secrete extracellular digestive enzymes that breakdown large complex molecules into small absorbable molecules which are absorbed through the vegetative hyphae. the absorbed nutrients are then distributed though the mycelium.
algae reproductioni
algae primarily reproduce by the asexual process of binary fission
can also reproduce by fragmentation and by meiosis (sexual)
protozoan reproduction
protozoa reproduce by the asexual process of binary fission.
fungi natural habitats
soil - blastomyces, zygomycetes
room surfaces - aspergillus, penicillium
human body - candida albicans, tinea pedis
protozoa natural habitats
soil - paramecium, amoeba
water - amoeba, balantidium
human body - plasmodium, giardia
algae natural habitats
water - chlorella spp
soil - chlorella spp.
fungi beneficial effects
biotechnoology - irofulven cancer treatment drug from omphalotus illudens
medicine - penicillin antibiotic from penicillium
food - saccharomyces cervisiae as brewers yeast (beer and wine)
fungi detrimental effects
Candida Albicans causing thrush
Tinea pedis causing athletes foot
algae beneficial effects
chlorella spp are used as model organisms in photosynthetic studies
biotechnology: isochrysis spp are a source of omega 3. volvox aures as a biodiesel. chlorella vulgaris in waste water bioremediation.
algae detrimental effects
eutrophication of lakes reducing light penetration and increasing the organic content of water.
protozoa beneficial effects
amoeba grazing on bacteria in water as a natural means of water purification.
protozoa detrimental effects
plasmodium - causes malaria - causes fever and death
giardia - causes diarrhoea
