eukaryotes summary

Question 1

components of fungi cells which are unique to fungi

Answer 1

• coenocytic hyphae
• woronin bodies
• chitin cell wall
• zygospore
• sporangium

Question 2

coenocytic hyphae

Answer 2

large multinucleated cells without a septum

Question 3

woronin bodies

Answer 3

block septal pores following damage to hyphae.
prevent the extensive loss of cytoplasm.

Question 4

chitin cell wall

Answer 4

chitin is a major poysaccharide that makes up the fungi cell wall along with glucans.

Question 5

zygospore

Answer 5

sexual spore formed by zygomycetes

Question 6

sporangium

Answer 6

asexual spore-bearing/spore-producing structure of fungi cells.

Question 7

components of algae

Answer 7

chloroplasts are present as algae are photoautotrophic.

Question 8

components of protozoa

Answer 8

• food vacuole
• contractile vacuole
• secretory vacuole
• locomotory organelles - flagella, cilia, pseudopodia.

Question 9

food vacuole

Answer 9

phagocytic vacuole used to ingest food by phagocytosis

Question 10

contractile vacuole

Answer 10

osmoregulation

Question 11

secretory vacuole

Answer 11

contains enzymes

Question 12

flagella

Answer 12

long thread-like extensions from the cell surface that move by spinning, whipping or moving like tentacles.

Question 13

cilia

Answer 13

short hair-like structures extending from the cell.
cilia move with an oar-like stroke with a high degree of coordination

Question 14

pseudopodia

Answer 14

pinching of the cell membrane that allows the cytoplasm to flow into its new position.

Question 15

unicellular fungi asexual reproduction

Answer 15

yeasts reproduce asexually by budding

Question 16

multicellular fungi asexual reproduction

Answer 16

multicellular fungi reproduce asexually by forming spores in the sporangium, these spores undergo mitosis to form mycelia. (genetically identical daughter cells)

Question 17

multicellular fungi sexual reproduction

Answer 17

zygomycetes fungi carry out sexual reproduction when two opposite (+/-) mating type hyphae come together to form a zygospore. the nuclei fuse to form a zygote which goes through meiosis to form a sporangium. mitosis then occurs and the spores produced are not genetically identical.

Question 18

fungi: exodigestion

Answer 18

fungi are saphrophytic - they feed on dead and decaying organic matter by exodigestion.
fungi secrete extracellular digestive enzymes that breakdown large complex molecules into small absorbable molecules which are absorbed through the vegetative hyphae. the absorbed nutrients are then distributed though the mycelium.

Question 19

algae reproductioni

Answer 19

algae primarily reproduce by the asexual process of binary fission
can also reproduce by fragmentation and by meiosis (sexual)

Question 20

protozoan reproduction

Answer 20

protozoa reproduce by the asexual process of binary fission.

Question 21

fungi natural habitats

Answer 21

soil - blastomyces, zygomycetes
room surfaces - aspergillus, penicillium
human body - candida albicans, tinea pedis

Question 22

protozoa natural habitats

Answer 22

soil - paramecium, amoeba
water - amoeba, balantidium
human body - plasmodium, giardia

Question 23

algae natural habitats

Answer 23

water - chlorella spp
soil - chlorella spp.

Question 24

fungi beneficial effects

Answer 24

biotechnoology - irofulven cancer treatment drug from omphalotus illudens
medicine - penicillin antibiotic from penicillium
food - saccharomyces cervisiae as brewers yeast (beer and wine)

Question 25

fungi detrimental effects

Answer 25

Candida Albicans causing thrush
Tinea pedis causing athletes foot

Question 26

algae beneficial effects

Answer 26

chlorella spp are used as model organisms in photosynthetic studies
biotechnology: isochrysis spp are a source of omega 3. volvox aures as a biodiesel. chlorella vulgaris in waste water bioremediation.

Question 27

algae detrimental effects

Answer 27

eutrophication of lakes reducing light penetration and increasing the organic content of water.

Question 28

protozoa beneficial effects

Answer 28

amoeba grazing on bacteria in water as a natural means of water purification.

Question 29

protozoa detrimental effects

Answer 29

plasmodium - causes malaria - causes fever and death
giardia - causes diarrhoea