Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

microbiology - specification > akaryotes summary > Flashcards

akaryotes summary Flashcards

1
Q

animal viruses

A
  • envelope proteins
  • envelope
  • nucleocapsid
  • viral genome (nucleic acid)
  • tegument
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

envelope proteins

A

aid attachment to the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

envelope

A

derived from the host cell membrane
aids penetration of the host cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

capsid

A

protective protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid.
built from capsomeres which are identical protein subunits
protects genetic material of the virus from attack by host cell enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

viral genome

A

DNA or RNA which codes for viral structural proteins and enzymes needed for replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tegument

A

the protein region between the nucleocapsid and the virion envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

viral enzymes

A

retroviruses have reverse transcriptase to catalyse RNA into DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bacteriophage

A
  • protein coat
  • head containing DNA
  • collar
  • sheath
  • base plate
  • tail fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

viroids

A

naked pieces of circular RNA that do not have a capsid
interfere with transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

satellites

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
require co-infection with a helper virus for replication to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prions

A

proteins only, do not have nucleic acid DNA or RNA
the trigger a conformational change in protein shape and are related to normal proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

viruses reproduction

A

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that need the host cells resources for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

a copy of the viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA and remains dormant for a long time.
the viral DNA can be activated when external stressors occur, it can then enter the lytic cycle to produce new virions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lytic cycle: general

A

attachment
penetration
biosynthesis
maturation
release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

attachment

lytic cycle: general

A

the virions attach to host cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

penetration

lytic cycle: general

A

virus/viral components enter the cell by either: injecting the genome releasing it from the capsid or the whole nucleocapsid enters the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

biosynthesis

lytic cycle: general

A

copies of viral components are produced

18
Q

maturation

lytic cycle: general

A

the viral genomes are packaged into assembled capsids creasting intact viral particles/ complete virions

19
Q

release

lytic cycle: general

A

virions are released from the cell to infect new host cells, and the host cell lyses due to lysozyme

20
Q

attachment

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage attaches to complementary receptor sites on the host cell
lysozyme breaks down a portion of the cell wall

21
Q

penetration

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage DNA is inserted into the cytoplasm via the sheath

22
Q

biosynthesis

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage DNA hijacks the host genome to produce replicate copies of themselves

23
Q

maturation

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

fragments of phage DNA and capsids are assembled into complete virions

24
Q

release

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

lysozyme breaks down the cell wall causing cell lysis and complete virions are released.
burst time = 50-200 new phages every 20-40 minutes.

25
Q

attachment

animal virus lytic cycle

A

attachment sites on animal viruses unite with complementary receptor sites on the hosts cell membrane
attachment sites are distributed over the entire surface of the capsid.

26
Q

penetration

animal virus lytic cycle

A

animal viruses are takin into the host cell complete where they then undergo uncoating in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

biosynthesis

animal virus lytic cycle

A

the virus provides the information for the enzymes to make the virus components

28
Q

maturation

animal virus lytic cycle

A

virus components are assembled into complete virions

29
Q

release

animal virus lytic cycle

A

complete virions are released from the cell following cell lysis by lysozyme

30
Q

benefical effects of viruses

A

vaccinations
gene therapy
bacteriophage therapy

31
Q

vaccines

A

production of vaccines occurs through genetic engineering to render viral DNA harmless or to remove viral proteins. the body is infected with a non-fatal virus causing an immune response within the body.

32
Q

types of vaccines

A

live attenuated - a less pathogenic non-disease causing form of the virus
killed - the virus is no longer able to replicate in the host cell
subunit - only part of the virus with the required antigen is introduced to the host.

33
Q

bacteriophage therapy

A

bacteriophages are designed to infect specific bacterial infections causing bacterial cell lysis. e.g. used against antibiotic resistant pseudomonas Aeruginosa

34
Q

gene therapy (viruses)

A

viruses are used in molecular biology as vectors - they are engineered to introduce DNA into a host.

35
Q

detrimental effects of viruses

A

the flu, measles, cold sores
tobacco plant necrosis, spindle potatoes

36
Q

the flu

A

caused by influenza A
transmitted by inhalation of air droplets containing influenza virus through sneezing or coughing.

37
Q

measles

A

caused by measles virus
transmitted through inhalation of measles virus

38
Q

cold sores

A

caused by the herpes simplex virus
transmitted through contact with herpes simplex virus

39
Q

tobacco plant necrosis

A

causes tobacco plant death by tobacco mosaic virus which leads to economic damage due to loss of production

40
Q

spindle potatoes

A

causes potato plant death by potato spindle which leads to economic damage due to loss of production.

41
Q

detrimental effects of sub-viral particles

A

mad cow disease - prion
scrapie - prion
hepatitis D - viroid and satellite

microbiology - specification (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions