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microbiology - specification > akaryotes summary > Flashcards

akaryotes summary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

animal viruses

A
  • envelope proteins
  • envelope
  • nucleocapsid
  • viral genome (nucleic acid)
  • tegument
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2
Q

envelope proteins

A

aid attachment to the host cell

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3
Q

envelope

A

derived from the host cell membrane
aids penetration of the host cell membrane

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4
Q

capsid

A

protective protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid.
built from capsomeres which are identical protein subunits
protects genetic material of the virus from attack by host cell enzymes

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5
Q

viral genome

A

DNA or RNA which codes for viral structural proteins and enzymes needed for replication.

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6
Q

tegument

A

the protein region between the nucleocapsid and the virion envelope

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7
Q

viral enzymes

A

retroviruses have reverse transcriptase to catalyse RNA into DNA.

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8
Q

bacteriophage

A
  • protein coat
  • head containing DNA
  • collar
  • sheath
  • base plate
  • tail fibres
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9
Q

viroids

A

naked pieces of circular RNA that do not have a capsid
interfere with transcription

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10
Q

satellites

A

nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid
require co-infection with a helper virus for replication to occur

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11
Q

prions

A

proteins only, do not have nucleic acid DNA or RNA
the trigger a conformational change in protein shape and are related to normal proteins

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12
Q

viruses reproduction

A

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that need the host cells resources for reproduction

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13
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

a copy of the viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA and remains dormant for a long time.
the viral DNA can be activated when external stressors occur, it can then enter the lytic cycle to produce new virions.

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14
Q

lytic cycle: general

A

attachment
penetration
biosynthesis
maturation
release

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15
Q

attachment

lytic cycle: general

A

the virions attach to host cell surface

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16
Q

penetration

lytic cycle: general

A

virus/viral components enter the cell by either: injecting the genome releasing it from the capsid or the whole nucleocapsid enters the cell

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17
Q

biosynthesis

lytic cycle: general

A

copies of viral components are produced

18
Q

maturation

lytic cycle: general

A

the viral genomes are packaged into assembled capsids creasting intact viral particles/ complete virions

19
Q

release

lytic cycle: general

A

virions are released from the cell to infect new host cells, and the host cell lyses due to lysozyme

20
Q

attachment

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage attaches to complementary receptor sites on the host cell
lysozyme breaks down a portion of the cell wall

21
Q

penetration

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage DNA is inserted into the cytoplasm via the sheath

22
Q

biosynthesis

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

phage DNA hijacks the host genome to produce replicate copies of themselves

23
Q

maturation

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

fragments of phage DNA and capsids are assembled into complete virions

24
Q

release

bacteriophage lytic cycle

A

lysozyme breaks down the cell wall causing cell lysis and complete virions are released.
burst time = 50-200 new phages every 20-40 minutes.

25
Q

attachment

animal virus lytic cycle

A

attachment sites on animal viruses unite with complementary receptor sites on the hosts cell membrane
attachment sites are distributed over the entire surface of the capsid.

26
Q

penetration

animal virus lytic cycle

A

animal viruses are takin into the host cell complete where they then undergo uncoating in the cytoplasm.

27
Q

biosynthesis

animal virus lytic cycle

A

the virus provides the information for the enzymes to make the virus components

28
Q

maturation

animal virus lytic cycle

A

virus components are assembled into complete virions

29
Q

release

animal virus lytic cycle

A

complete virions are released from the cell following cell lysis by lysozyme

30
Q

benefical effects of viruses

A

vaccinations
gene therapy
bacteriophage therapy

31
Q

vaccines

A

production of vaccines occurs through genetic engineering to render viral DNA harmless or to remove viral proteins. the body is infected with a non-fatal virus causing an immune response within the body.

32
Q

types of vaccines

A

live attenuated - a less pathogenic non-disease causing form of the virus
killed - the virus is no longer able to replicate in the host cell
subunit - only part of the virus with the required antigen is introduced to the host.

33
Q

bacteriophage therapy

A

bacteriophages are designed to infect specific bacterial infections causing bacterial cell lysis. e.g. used against antibiotic resistant pseudomonas Aeruginosa

34
Q

gene therapy (viruses)

A

viruses are used in molecular biology as vectors - they are engineered to introduce DNA into a host.

35
Q

detrimental effects of viruses

A

the flu, measles, cold sores
tobacco plant necrosis, spindle potatoes

36
Q

the flu

A

caused by influenza A
transmitted by inhalation of air droplets containing influenza virus through sneezing or coughing.

37
Q

measles

A

caused by measles virus
transmitted through inhalation of measles virus

38
Q

cold sores

A

caused by the herpes simplex virus
transmitted through contact with herpes simplex virus

39
Q

tobacco plant necrosis

A

causes tobacco plant death by tobacco mosaic virus which leads to economic damage due to loss of production

40
Q

spindle potatoes

A

causes potato plant death by potato spindle which leads to economic damage due to loss of production.

41
Q

detrimental effects of sub-viral particles

A

mad cow disease - prion
scrapie - prion
hepatitis D - viroid and satellite

microbiology - specification (14 decks)

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