Etiologies of Aphasia Flashcards
1 cause of aphasia
stroke
secondary etiologies
- tumor
- trauma
- anoxia
- infections
cerebrovascular accident
disruption of blood flow to the brain
2 types of CVAs
- ischemic (occlusive)
- hemorrhagic
ischemic (occlusive) CVA
too little blood supply or no blood to parts of the brain (blockage)
hemorrhagic CVA
too much blood supplied to the brain (rupture)
identifying stroke
act F.A.S.T.
- Face, Arms, Speech, Time
identifying stroke: face
- ask the person to smile
- does one side of the face droop?
identifying stroke: arms
- ask the person to raise both arms
- does one arm drift downward?
identifying stroke: speech
- ask the person to repeat a simple sentence
- are the words slurred? can he/she repeat the sentence correctly?
identifying stroke: time
- if person shows any of these symptoms, time is important
- call 911 or get to the hospital fast because brain cells are dying
1st type of stroke, ischemic
- reduced or block of blood flow caused by an occlusion of an artery supplying the brain
- more common than hemorrhagic
2 causes of an ischemic stroke
- thrombosis
- embolism
thrombus
- one or more clots formed inside your blood vessels
- when this happens, the clot can block blood flow where it formed, or it can break loose and move to somewhere else in your body
- if a moving clot gets stuck in a critical area, this can cause deadly conditions like stroke and heart attack
most common cause of infarction
thrombus
a thrombosis can take minutes, weeks, or months, to form an…
occlusion
stationary blood clot (thombus) forms in an artery also…
obstructs the canal
fatty deposits adhere to thombus until…
blood has difficulty going past or complete obstruction occurs
warning signs of thrombosis
- sudden, transient blurring or loss of vision
- weakness (motor) or numbness (sensory) on one side of the body
- difficulty with speech
- vertigo (dizziness)
- diplopia (double vision)
embolism
- blood clot that originates in anotehr part of the circulatory system
- travels through the system to block an artery supplying the brain
most common source of embolism is the…
heart (atrial fibrillation)
clinical onset of embolic stroke is different from ischemic because…
the clot is formed elsewhere
maximum neurologic deficits from embolism takes ___ time
less (seconds/minutes)
embolism often has no warning signs, though occasionally, there are…
bruits, gurgly noises in arteries of the neck can be heard (due to obstructions passing through)
aphasia results from the occlusion of the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___
middle carotid artery, internal carotid artery
necrose
deprivation of blood flow causes an ear of the brain cells to die
infarct
necrotic tissue
ischemia refers to the
occlusion (cause)
infarction refers to the
damaged tissue (effect)
edema
- upon occurrence of a stroke, there is a swelling of necrotic tissue and surrounding grey matter
- reaches its maximum in a few days and may produce a corresponding increase in neurologic deficit
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- also known as ministrokes
- temporary period of symptoms similar to those in a stroke
TIA is caused by a…
temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain, which may last as little as 5 minutes
warning signs for TIA indicate…
the process of plaque formation and a stroke may be underway
TIAs usually come to an end in…
less than 30 minutes, but are defined as being completed within 24 hours
not all cases of thrombosis are preceded by…
these transient events
___ of individuals will have TIA and nothing else, ___ will have additional episodes with no further damage, ___ will have strokes
1/3, 1/3, 1/3
2nd stroke type, hemorrhagic (rupture)
bursting artery that causes blood to escapt onto areas of the brain’s surface or into brain tissue
aneurysm
- dilated blood vessel that can vary from the size of a pea to that of an orange
- stretches and weakness the vessel wall
- ruptures producing an excruciating headache, nausea, vomiting
medication intervention for aneurysm if it is accessible is “trapping”
application of clips on both sides, cut the aneurysm/pack muscle around it or spray it with plastic or prevent rupture
hemorrhage
- occurs when a blood vessel wall breaks and floods the surrounding tissue with blood
- accumulation of blood (hematoma) acts as a rapidly expanding mass which displaces and compresses adjacent structures
depending on its location, the hematoma may…
compress arteries and/or cranial nerves
hematomas are usually associated with…
hypertension, ruptured aneurysms, or ateriovenous
arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
- disrupts the blood flow
- relatively rare
- between age 25-45, most common cause of hemorrhagic strokes
intracerebral hemorrhage
- invades tissue within the brain
- size and location of the hematoma determines the clinical manifestations
if intracerebral hemorrhage occurs where sensory-motor fibers converge,…
this can be devastating
for intracerebral hemorrhage, clinical manifestations occur…
suddenly, without warning and often during activity
hematoma manifestations
- severe headache and prominent early clinical symptom
- nausea, vomiting
- 1/2 patients los consciousness within minutes to hours after onset
symptoms of hematoma manifestations
often progress rapidly and may include hemiplegia/hemianesthesia
subarachnoid hemorrhage
- occurs underneath arachnoid meningial layer
- often caused by a ruptured aneurysm at the base of the brain
- may also be induced by trauma
- surgical evacuation when possible
