Ethnic identities theorists Flashcards
summaries
CASHMORE AND TROYNA - The family/peer group socialised first generation immigrants into a traditional ethnic identity. They faced racism and were labelled as “black”. Immigrant groups in Britain faced open hostility and discrimination in the labour market
when finding housing and education. They responded by finding ways in which their ethnicity could be re-asserted and turned inwards for support within the community.
HEBDIGE - He suggests that although rastafarianism was seen as a religion in Jamaica
in the UK young Jamaican migrants adopted this as a type of subculture. They wore dreadlocks
GHUMAN - The family socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity through passing on traditional norms and values. He found that tradition
religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of the second generation asians in the uk.They were more socialised with extended family with the emphasis on duty
ANWAR - Found that family can be a source of conflict for some asian children
particularly around the issues of western clothes
BUTLER - The family socialises someone into a traditional ethnic identity by the family putting pressure on the control of women and girls as it is believed that the whole future of their community rests with them (as it is their duty to raise the next gen). The asian girls blamed their asian identity/cultural norms and values of their parents for the focus on traditional values
DRIVER AND BALLARD - They argue that Indian families place a great value on their children’s education. They push their children to have high ambitions and to gain the best possible grades. This is reflected in the achievements of Indians who do better than black and white groups on average at GCSE.
ARCHER AND FRANCIS - They suggest that cultural factors are important in explaining the success of british chinese students. Educational success is a part of their identity. When Chinese boys engage in laddish behavior they still maintain commitment to school and their parents push them to do so.
COARD - He argues that the curriculum is based around one particular cultural viewpoint while ignoring others. White history and white literature dominate the curriculum
GILLBORN - Argues that teachers are institutionally racist towards black boys. He suggests that black males are seen as a threat and disruptive by teachers. They therefore negatively stereotype and label them.
ALEXANDER - The media socialises individuals into a traditional ethnic identity by portraying ethnic minorities in a stereotyped way or ignored. Alexander suggests that asian youths in east london have been unfairly targeted by police and the media. She argues that there is a “myth of the asian gang” which reported violent clashes between black and asian gangs which the media then exaggerated. Asian boys were criminalised as a result of islamophobia.
HALL - In his text “the white eye” he states that traditionally films portrayed black people as natives
entertainers or slaves. The term “the white eye” is the way that we see the representation of ethnic minorities in a way that white directors see and present them not a true reflection.
MOGHISSI - States that muslims are “huddled together”. She found that since 7/7 and 9/11 a moral panic has been created surrounding islam as a religion. Muslim women are presented as victims of honour killings and males are negatively stereotyped as terrorists.
SEWELL - The media socialises someone into a traditional ethnic identity through the use of role models. Tony Sewell claims that young black afro Caribbean males follow the hyper masculine role models often shown in rap music or on mtv. This helps them create a gangsta identity where they achieve status amongst their peer group.
BACK - The peer group helps individuals create a hybrid identity. He studied two council estates and noted that black
white and asian youths all shared friendships
GILL - He carried out a survey of british asian students and identifies a number of them as blasian meaning they adopted black styles of dress and language and combined these with their asian culture.
BURDSEY - The peer group and family helps individuals create a hybrid ethnic identity. He studied the second and third gen of british asian footballers. He found that they adopted an asian identity when with parents but a white identity when with their white peers this is code switching. Asians wear a white mask when with peers.
NAYAK - The media helps individuals create hybrid ethnic identities. White wannabes are presented in the media which are young white working class males. They listen to hip hop and gangster rap and are often called wangsters or wiggers.
