Ethics - care Flashcards
what is ethics?
Ethics, is a constant questioning, constant reflection, constant search for what is right, what is good.
what is compliance?
compliance is what we must do
ethics is what we ought to do
what are the Characteristics for Ethical Evaluation?
- Ultimacy: Highest standard by which one might be judged
- Universality: If other people look at same problem, they will come to same evaluation
- Altruism or neutralism: Judgments cannot be tailored to the advantage of the person making the judgment
- Publicity: One must be willing to publically state the evaluation and basis for it
- Ordering/prioritising: An ethical account should be able to tell which claim has moral priority and why
what is descriptive relativism?
people in different cultures have different views about matters believed to be moral.
what is Normative Relativism?
moral judgments are grounded only in each culture’s collective opinion
what is normative ethics?
Interested in determining the content of our moral behaviour
Normative ethical theories seek to provide action-guides; procedures for answering the Practical Question (“What ought I to do?”)
what are the 4 generally accepted principles in Bioethics?
Regard for self determination = autonomy
The avoidance of doing harm = non-maleficence
The promotion of well-being= beneficence
Fairness in the distribution of goods and the reduction and avoidance of harms = justice
explain the principle of autonomy.
Foundation for informed consent, for protecting patient confidentiality, and for upholding veracity
Categorical Imperative: Kant’s each human being’s intrinsic worth which demands respect
The patient’s right to self-determination is not, however, absolute
Can be in conflict with other principles
beneficence, non-maleficence:
-dentist must also weigh benefits and harms
veracity: patient can opt not to reveal HIV status but could lead to harm
explain Non-maleficence/beneficence.
Beneficence and Non-Maleficence are 2 highest principles
William Frankena American moral philosopher (1908–1994):
Holds beneficence as subordinate to non-maleficence
Ranks as follows:
Ought not to harm
Ought to prevent harm
Ought to remove harm
Ought to promote/do good
Most theories consider beneficence as Prima Facie and all other principles subordinated to it
Could lead to paternalism and fiduciary relationship
Overriding patient autonomy for their own good
No longer acceptable as autonomy ranks 1st
explain justice.
Distributive justice: Manage issues of societal distribution of benefits and burden
Formal principle of justice: Equals must be treated equally and unequals must be treated unequally
what are other principles?
Compassion—caring and the ability to identify with the patient’s overall well-being.
Relieving pain and suffering is a common attribute of dental practice.
Competence— able to diagnose and treat the patient’s oral health needs and to refer when it is in the patient’s best interest.
Maintaining competence requires continual self-assessment and commitment to lifelong learning.
Integrity—behave with honor and decency, upholding the profession’s Codes of Ethics, safeguarding, influencing and promoting the highest professional standards.
Tolerance—requires recognition of
complex cultural, ethnical and religious differences and understanding of how these differences may affect patient choices and treatment.
Veracity—honesty or truth telling, is the bedrock of a trusting doctor-patient relationship. The patient relies on the dentist to be truthful so that truly informed decision-making can occur. But also with colleagues and self
what is virtue ethics?
importance on the “kind of person one is.” “tell the truth” but also to be honest.
what is Deontological ethics?
Normative universals or “should” language
what is Utilitarianism?
“the Greatest Happiness Principle” -greatest good for the greatest number
it is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies.
what is care?
A focus on the needs versus the interests of others
A commitment to dialogue as the primary means of moral deliberation
Care has an emphasis on relationships and the responsibilities they entail.
“compromise and accommodate” so that the needs of all may be met.
Could lead to “caring burn-out “. Must gauge our own ability
Care is a skill both innate and something that one gets better at
through one‟s own experiences of giving and receiving care.
