Ethics and Epidemiology

Question 1

10 year old child presents in status epilepticus, but her parents refuse tx on religious grounds

Answer 1

Treat because the disease represents an immediate threat to the child’s life. THEN seek a court order

Question 2

Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the pt tx type

Answer 2

Observational Bias

Question 3

Bias introduced when screening detects a disease earlier and thus lengthens the time from dx to death

Answer 3

Lead time Bias

Question 4

Number of true + divided by the number to pt with the disease is ________?

Answer 4

Sensitivity

Question 5

Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule _________ a disease

Answer 5

OUT

Question 6

PPD reactivity is used as screening test because most people with TB (except those who are anergic) will have a + PPD.. Highly sensitive or specific?

Answer 6

Highly sensitive for TB

Question 7

Chronic Diseases such as SLE- Higher prevalence or Incidence

Answer 7

Higher Prevalence

Question 8

Epidemics such as influenza- Higher prevalence or incidence

Answer 8

Higher Incidence

Question 9

Cross-sectional survey- incidence or prevalence?

Answer 9

Prevalence

Question 10

Cohort study incidence or prevalence?

Answer 10

Incidence and prevalence

Question 11

Case-Control study- Incidence or prevalence

Answer 11

Neither

Question 12

Difference between Cohort and Case Control Study

Answer 12

Cohort Study
- used to calculate RR, incidence or Odds Radio

Case-Control
- can be used to calculate an OR

Question 13

Numbers needed to treat

Answer 13

1 / (rate in untreated group - rate in treated group)

Question 14

Percentage of cases within

1 SD
2 SD
3 SD

Answer 14

1- 68
2- 95
3- 99

Question 15

Maternal Mortality rate

Answer 15

number of deaths during pregnancy to 90 day spost partum per 100 000 live births

Question 16

Perinatal Mortality rate

Answer 16

Number of deaths from 20 weeks gestation to one month of life per 1000 total births in one year

Question 17

Fetal Mortality rate

Answer 17

Number of deaths from 20 weeks gestation to birth per 1000 total births in one year

Question 18

Birth Rate?

Answer 18

Number of live births per 1000 population in one year

Question 19

Involuntary Psychiatric hospitalization can be undertaken for 3 reasons

Answer 19

Danger to self
Danger to others
Gravely disabled