Ethics and Change theories Flashcards
define what is meant by the ethics of care
In nursing an ethic of care is a complete moral response based on professional caring that is as much an integral part of nursing practice as any other aspect.
a practice or virtue involving maintaining the world of and meeting the needs of ourselves and other. seeks to maintain relationships by promoting well being of caregivers and receivers in a network of social relations
define principle based ethics
focuses on theories of the importance of general principles such as
respect for autonomy
beneficence
non maleficence
justice
what are the six principles of Beauchamp and Childress’ biomedical ethics?
- Respect for autonomy
- beneficence
- non maleficence
- Justice
- Fidelity
- Truthfulness
In Beauchamp and Childress’ principles for biomedical ethics, define what respect for autonomy means?
respecting the decision making capacities of autonomous persons
enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices
working in a patient-nurse partnership for joint decision making
consent should be given by patients for accepting medical care to ensure that they fully understand the procedure, what it involves, risks or side effects.
In Beauchamp and Childress’ principles for biomedical ethics, define what beneficence means?
balancing benefits of treatment against the risks and costs
Requires that we treat persons autonomously and refrain from harming them, but also that we contribute to their welfare. i.e. we must do some good for the patient
In Beauchamp and Childress’ principles for biomedical ethics, define what non maleficence means?
avoiding the causation of harm, harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits
Intentionally imposing unreasonable risks of harm. An example of this would be a nurse who knowingly does not change a patient’s bandage despite the increased risk of infection.
Unintentionally causing harm to a patient. For example a physician who has given the wrong medication to a patient due to carelessness.
In Beauchamp and Childress’ principles for biomedical ethics, define what justice means?
distributing benefits, risk and cost fairly. i.e. patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner
The fair, equitable, and appropriate distribution of benefits and norms.
what are the parts of the “four quadrant approach” to ethical decision making in nursing?
- indications for medical intervention
- preferences of patient
- Quality of life
- Contextual features
this is a tool for nurses to work through the decision making process
in the four quadrant approach to decision making, what is meant by indications for medical intervention?
that an diagnosis should be established, options for treatment considered and what the prognosis for each of these options is
in the four quadrant approach to decision making, what is meant by preferences of the patient?
is the patient competent, if so what do they want.
if not considered competent then what is in the patients best interest
in the four quadrant approach to decision making, what is meant by quality of life?
will the proposed treatment improve the patients quality of life
in the four quadrant approach to decision making, what is meant by contextual features?
do religious, cultural or legal factors have an impact on the decision?
what are the 5 stages of change in the Transtheoretical model of behavior change?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
strength based model where the patient is in control
beneficial for motivation interviewing
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the precontemplation phase?
no recognition of need for, or interest in change
talking about the situation i.e. drinking, violence, family values
provide advice on the benefits of change
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the contemplation phase?
thinking about change
enhance motivation - explore concerns and benefits of change
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the preparation phase?
Planning for change
getting them to think about what they can do differently
focus on reduction rather than stopping completely
provide options and build confidence
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the action phase?
adopting new habits
practicing goal that has been set
build confidence and affirm success
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the maintenance phase?
ongoing practice of new, healthier behaviour maintaining change, goal has to be theirs.
build confidence and assist with problem solving and planning
In the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, what is the maintenance phase?
ongoing practice of new, healthier behavior maintaining change, goal has to be theirs.
build confidence and assist with problem solving and planning
what is the basis for a health belief model?
a cognitive model that works on behavior being determined by beliefs about threats to well-being and the effectiveness and outcomes of particular actions or behaviours.
is based around perceived benefits or barriers
what are the 3 phases of Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Model?
Unfreeze
Change
Refreeze
In Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Model, what occurs in the unfreeze phase?
Preparing the desired change
Determines what needs to change
Creates the need/motivation for change
Understands and manages doubts and concerns regarding change
considered finalized when the change process is understood and the necessity for change is accepted
In Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Model, what occurs in the change phase?
Implementing the desired change
need good communication, empower actions and involve people in the process
In Kurt Lewin’s Change Management Model, what occurs in the Refreeze phase?
solidifying the desired change
develop ways to sustain change, provide support and training, celebrate success
new behaviors are consolidated and supported
what is a brief intervention?
a stratgey to support and assist in motivating health consumers recognise and actively choose whether or not to change harmful behaviour
i.e. smoking cessation, alcohol counselling
what are 4 key principles of motivational interviewing
- Express empathy - show acceptance, develop rapport
- develop discrepancy - change is motivated by discrepancy between behavior and goals
- roll with resistance - respond with different approach
- support self efficacy - if person believes they can change, it is more like they will
what is motivational interviewing?
an approach to behaviour change that addresses the emotional as well as the cognitive aspects of a person’s behaviour, making it useful in addressing problematic habits that impact on their health.
what is a change agent (in relation to being a nurse)
a person who has knowledge of the chnage process and actively guides that process
what are the roles of a change agent?
Advocate
Regulator
Consultant
Facilitator
Teacher/trainer
Liaison
