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Step 2 question review > Ethics and biostats > Flashcards

Ethics and biostats Flashcards

1
Q

type of study that measures disease prevalence

A

cross-sectional

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2
Q

type of study that measures the odds ratio

A

case control

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3
Q

study that measures relative risk

A

cohort

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4
Q

sensitivity equation

A

TP/(TP+FN) or A /A+C

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5
Q

specificity equation

A

TN /TN+FP or D/B+D

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6
Q

PPV equation

A

TP/TP +FP or A/A+B

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7
Q

NPV equation

A

TN/TN+FN or D/D+C

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8
Q

draw the double bell curve of sens/spec

A

TN/FN/FP/TP

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9
Q

What likelihood ratios are significant?

A

LR+ > 10 and LR - <0.1

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10
Q

LR + equation

A

sensitivity/1-spec or TP rate/FP rate

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11
Q

LR - equation

A

1-sens/spec or FN rate/TN rate

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12
Q

increased sensitivity does what to a predictive value

A

increase NPV

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13
Q

decreased specificity does what to a predictive value

A

decrease PPV

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14
Q

increased specificity does what to a predictive value

A

increase PPV

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15
Q

decreased sensitivity does what to a predictive value

A

decrease NPV

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16
Q

OR equation

A

a/b / c/d = ad/bc

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17
Q

RR equation

A

a/(a+b)/ c/(c+d)

18
Q

RR = 1 means

A

no association

19
Q

RR >1

A

increased risk

20
Q

RR <1

A

decreased risk

21
Q

difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups

A

attributable risk

22
Q

AR equation

A

a/ a+b - c/c+d

23
Q

the difference in risk attributable to the intervention compared to the control

24
Q

RRR equation

A

RRR = 1-RR

25
Q

the proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to the control

26
Q

ARR equation

A

c/c+d - a/a+b

27
Q

NNT equation

28
Q

NNH equation

29
Q

bias when study pop is from hospital and less healthy

A

berkson bias

30
Q

pygmalion effect

A

self-fullfilling prophecy

31
Q

estimate of the chances that an event occurs in the treatment arm of a trial v the non tx arm

A

hazard ratio

32
Q

hazard ratio < 1

A

treatment arm had decreased event rate

33
Q

hazard ratio > 1

A

treatment arm had increased event rate

34
Q

when screening tests detect a disproportionate number of slowly progressive diseases but miss rapidly progressive ones, leading to overestimation of the benefit of the screen

A

length bias

35
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive conclusion

36
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative conclusion

37
Q

power equation

A

= 1 - type 2 error

38
Q

subunit vaccines

A

HBV, pertussis, s. pna, HPV, meningococcus

39
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR, sabin polio, yellow fever, influenza nasal spray, varicella

40
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

cholera, HAV, polio salk, rabies, influenza injection

41
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

diphtheria, tetanus

42
Q

conjugate vaccines

A

Hib, S. pna

Step 2 question review (9 decks)

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