Ethics and biostats

Question 1

type of study that measures disease prevalence

Answer 1

cross-sectional

Question 2

type of study that measures the odds ratio

Answer 2

case control

Question 3

study that measures relative risk

Answer 3

cohort

Question 4

sensitivity equation

Answer 4

TP/(TP+FN) or A /A+C

Question 5

specificity equation

Answer 5

TN /TN+FP or D/B+D

Question 6

PPV equation

Answer 6

TP/TP +FP or A/A+B

Question 7

NPV equation

Answer 7

TN/TN+FN or D/D+C

Question 8

draw the double bell curve of sens/spec

Answer 8

TN/FN/FP/TP

Question 9

What likelihood ratios are significant?

Answer 9

LR+ > 10 and LR - <0.1

Question 10

LR + equation

Answer 10

sensitivity/1-spec or TP rate/FP rate

Question 11

LR - equation

Answer 11

1-sens/spec or FN rate/TN rate

Question 12

increased sensitivity does what to a predictive value

Answer 12

increase NPV

Question 13

decreased specificity does what to a predictive value

Answer 13

decrease PPV

Question 14

increased specificity does what to a predictive value

Answer 14

increase PPV

Question 15

decreased sensitivity does what to a predictive value

Answer 15

decrease NPV

Question 16

OR equation

Answer 16

a/b / c/d = ad/bc

Question 17

RR equation

Answer 17

a/(a+b)/ c/(c+d)

Question 18

RR = 1 means

Answer 18

no association

Question 19

RR >1

Answer 19

increased risk

Question 20

RR <1

Answer 20

decreased risk

Question 21

difference in risk between exposed and unexposed groups

Answer 21

attributable risk

Question 22

AR equation

Answer 22

a/ a+b - c/c+d

Question 23

the difference in risk attributable to the intervention compared to the control

Answer 23

ARR

Question 24

RRR equation

Answer 24

RRR = 1-RR

Question 25

the proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to the control

Answer 25

RRR

Question 26

ARR equation

Answer 26

c/c+d - a/a+b

Question 27

NNT equation

Answer 27

1/ARR

Question 28

NNH equation

Answer 28

1/AR

Question 29

bias when study pop is from hospital and less healthy

Answer 29

berkson bias

Question 30

pygmalion effect

Answer 30

self-fullfilling prophecy

Question 31

estimate of the chances that an event occurs in the treatment arm of a trial v the non tx arm

Answer 31

hazard ratio

Question 32

hazard ratio < 1

Answer 32

treatment arm had decreased event rate

Question 33

hazard ratio > 1

Answer 33

treatment arm had increased event rate

Question 34

when screening tests detect a disproportionate number of slowly progressive diseases but miss rapidly progressive ones, leading to overestimation of the benefit of the screen

Answer 34

length bias

Question 35

type 1 error

Answer 35

false positive conclusion

Question 36

type 2 error

Answer 36

false negative conclusion

Question 37

power equation

Answer 37

= 1 - type 2 error

Question 38

subunit vaccines

Answer 38

HBV, pertussis, s. pna, HPV, meningococcus

Question 39

live attenuated vaccines

Answer 39

MMR, sabin polio, yellow fever, influenza nasal spray, varicella

Question 40

inactivated vaccines

Answer 40

cholera, HAV, polio salk, rabies, influenza injection

Question 41

toxoid vaccines

Answer 41

diphtheria, tetanus

Question 42

conjugate vaccines

Answer 42

Hib, S. pna