Ethics Flashcards
Mastery
Ethics should be viewed as…
It should include considerations for….
Ethics of the Stanford Prison experiment.
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*
*
* Zimbardo’s primary reason for conducting the
experiment was to focus….
Ethics should be viewed as an ongoing process and not a single event
It should include considerations for research planning, data generation, data analysis, and knowledge translation
Ethics of the Stanford Prison experiment.
* Why do people act like they do?
* Why do prisons have such polarized roles:
* Guards Tough <-> Prisoners bad distrustful
- Zimbardo’s primary reason for conducting the
experiment was to focus on the power of roles,
rules, symbols, group identity and situational
validation of behavior that generally would repulse
ordinary individuals
Stanford Prisoner Experiment details
AFTER
what happened and what did people do in regard of their stereotypes
- Funded by the US office of Naval research.
- 24 applicants randomly sorted in to two
groups of 12. - Paid 15$ a day regardless of role
- Prisoners were “arrested” by the actual
police taken to the basement of a campus
building - People had to dress in prisoner or guard
clothing
AFTER
- People quickly devolved into the stereo-types of
behaviour. - This happened less than 12 hours into the experiment….
- Prisoners became rebellious, difficult and troublesome
- Guards became tough and crewel
- Note: these were all just college students, none of
them had ever committed a crime, no had mental
issues or health issues (Screened). Some of them were
students together in prior classes.
Results of the stanford experiment
Criticism of the study
- On only the second day the prisoners staged a rebellion. Guards then worked out a system of rewards and punishments to manage the prisoners.
- Within the first four days, three prisoners had become so traumatized that they were released. Over the course of the experiment, some of the guards became cruel and tyrannical, while several of the prisoners became depressed and disoriented.
- However, only after an outside observer came upon the scene and registered shock did Zimbardo conclude the experiment, less than a week after it had started.
- Does this relate to the current situations of police abuse that we currently see?
- Why doesn’t anyone discuss this experiment in that context?
CRITICISM
* Selection bias of participants “Participating in prison experiment”
* Coercion too much money paid (~1400 dollars in todays money)
* Guards were encouraged to be more tough
* Zimbardo was caught up in the experiment himself (demand characteristics)
* High risk of psychological risk
* The results have not been replicated (BBC “the experiment”)
* No long-term effects on any of the participants!
Ethics Policies in Canada, cont’d
* The TCPS 2 is informed by three core principles that convey the value of human dignity:
o
o
o
* Three core principles serve as a foundation….
* Most Canadian universities have adopted the ethical guidelines of the TCPS 2
o Respect for Persons
o Concern for Welfare
o Justice (Serves the needs of the participants equally…)
- Three core principles serve as a foundation to guide all research processes
- Most Canadian universities have adopted the ethical guidelines of the TCPS 2
ETHICAL POLICIES
* They have been developed, in part, in response to …. of people in research. They are not limited to the past!
- Various policies have been developed to guide the ethical practices of Canadian researchers.
oTri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS 2)
- They have been developed, in part, in response to historical practices of unethical treatment of people in research. They are not limited to the past!
o“Medical experiments” by Nazi researchers, VAMPIRES of NFL…
o Carried away experiments by researchers…
- Various policies have been developed to guide the ethical practices of Canadian researchers.
oTri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research
Involving Humans (TCPS 2)
- Researchers must ensure …. consent throughout the research process
- Various influences could compromise the extent to which participation is free or voluntary oIncentives (pervious slides…)
- Additional ethical considerations related to consent necessary for:
o
o
oPrivacy:
oConfidentiality:
- Researchers must ensure participants’ free, informed, and ongoing consent throughout the research process
- Various influences could compromise the extent to which participation is free or voluntary oIncentives (pervious slides…)
- Additional ethical considerations related to consent necessary for:
o Children
o Those living with cognitive impairments
oPrivacy: her or his right to be free from intrusion by others
oConfidentiality: researchers’ obligation to safeguard
entrusted information
- Animal models are used extensively in
kinesiology research
o Insight into biological structure and function - Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
o Developed policy statements for the
experimental care and use of animals in
research
* Three Rs tenet:
- Three Rs tenet: Replace, Reduce, Refine
Reduction: refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used.
* Maximize the information obtained per animal
* Avoid or limit subsequent use of additional animals
Replacement: refers to methods which avoid or
replace the use of animals in an area where
animals would otherwise have been used
* Absolute replacements (i.e. replacing animals with inanimate systems, such as computer programs) and
* Relative replacements (i.e. replacing more sentient animals, such as vertebrates with animals that have a significantly lower potential for pain perception, such as some invertebrates).
Refinement: refers to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress.
* This includes:
* Animal care
* Training of personnel
Animal models are still directly used in:
* Education
* (labs in kinesiology, secondary use case in accordance with the 3 R’s)
* Muscle physiology
* General physiology
* Biomechanics
* Nutrition
Ethical Decision Making
Steps 1-3
Step 1: Develop Ethical Sensitivity
* We need to recognize that the choices we make as professionals affect other people
* Being proactive can be useful in helping to avoid more challenging ethical situations in the future
Step 2: Consult Code of Ethics
* A professional code of ethics is designed specifically to offer professionals a guide in their ethical decision-making
oHelps ensure the credibility of a profession
oOffers protection for the clients they serve
oDoes not (and can not) cover all situations that professionals
encounter
oTri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS 2) : Web resource!
Step 3: Library / Literature search for ethical practices
* The researcher searches previous version of similar research / experimental designs to see how ethics was conducted previously or what the standard of care that has previously been established is.
oHelps ensure consistency
oOffers best “practice care”
oEstablishes a valid starting point for the consideration and care of clients well being
oProvides an outline that can be further developed.
Ethical Decision Making
Steps 4-6
Step 4: Develop Self-Awareness
* It is critical to acknowledge that the bias you bring to a situation could impact your decision-making process
oAre there any self-interests that you should recognize?
oBeing aware of self-interests need to be considered when trying to make the most defensible ethical decision possible
oExample: Zimbardo did not stop the experiment until and outside viewer expressed shock and concern!
Step 5: Apply Ethical Principles
* Ethical principles help to shape most codes of ethics in kinesiology-related professions
* Important to apply fundamental ethical principles to a situation requiring ethical decision making
o Autonomy
o Nonmaleficence ( Do no harm “Primum non nocere”)
o Beneficence (balance of pros and cons)
o Justice
o Fidelity
o Veracity
Step 6: Develop Alternative Courses of Action
* When deciding a course of action professionals should clearly detail the probable costs and benefits of each possible action
oAll options should be brainstormed
oProvides a chance to reflect on who might be affected in the situation (Step 1) and how each action could influence them
Ethical Decision Making
Steps 7-9
Step 7: Consult With Colleagues
* Can offer perspectives and options that a professional has not already considered
oMay provide a more objective lens
* Need to consider how to consult with a colleague about an ethical dilemma in a way that does not disclose the identity of a client
Step 8: Take Action
* After the first 7 steps have been completed, it is time to implement the chosen action plan
* This should include:
informing the people who are going to be affected by your actions
oA commitment to assume responsibility for action(s)
* Take actions that are most defensible to other professionals
oYou should ask: “Would I act this way in a ‘well-lit’ room?”
Step 9: Reflect Upon the Results of Your Actions
* This final step is recommended in many ethical decision-making models
* Actions should be consistent with what someone demonstrating
outstanding ethical virtues would characteristically do
* Ethical virtues include qualities such as:
o Compassion
o Discernment
o Trustworthiness
o Integrity
o Conscientiousness
