Ethics

Question 1

APA

Answer 1

American Psychological Association

Question 2

ASPPB

Answer 2

Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards

Question 3

Accredited college or university

Answer 3

an institution which is recognized as an institution of higher education under 22 Pa. Code (relating to education) or which is accredited by a regional accrediting association recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation (CORPA)

Question 4

accredited hospital

Answer 4

A facility which is recognized as a hospital under 28 Pa. Code (relating to health and safety), or which is defined as a health care facility in section 103 of the Health Care Facilities Act

Question 5

ACT

Answer 5

The Professional Psychologists Practice Act (to protect the public)

Question 6

Board

Answer 6

The State Board of Psychology of the Commonwealth

Question 7

bureau

Answer 7

The Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs of the Department of State of the Commonwealth

Question 8

child abuse

Answer 8

A term meaning any of the following:

1) A recent act or failure to act by a perpetrator which causes nonaccidental serious physical injury to a child under 18 years of age

2) An act or failure to act by a perpetrator which causes nonaccidental serious physical injury to a child under 18 years of age

3) A recent act, failure to act or series of acts or failures to act by a perpetrator which creates an imminent risk of serious physical injury to or sexual abuse or sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age

4) Serious physical neglect by a perpetrator constituting prolonged or repeated lack of supervision or the failure to provide the essentials of life, including adequate medical care, which endangers a child’s life or development or impairs a child’s functioning

According to Pennsylvania’s Child Protective Services Law (CPSL), child abuse is defined as intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing harm to a child. This includes:

Physical injury
Causing non-accidental serious physical injury through any act or failure to act, such as kicking, biting, throwing, burning, stabbing, or cutting a child. Other examples include unreasonably restraining or confining a child, forcefully shaking a child under one year old, or forcefully slapping a child under one year old. Signs of physical abuse include unexplained bruises, welts, cuts, broken bones, or burns. Behavioral signs include wearing inappropriate clothing, appearing withdrawn or depressed, or seeming afraid to go home.

Mental injury
Causing or contributing to serious mental injury through any act or failure to act.

Sexual abuse or exploitation
Causing sexual abuse or exploitation, or creating a likelihood of sexual abuse or exploitation.

Munchausen by proxy
Fabricating, feigning, or intentionally exaggerating or inducing a medical symptom or disease that results in a harmful medical evaluation or treatment for the child.

Failure to provide essentials
Failing to provide a child with adequate food, shelter, or medical care

Question 9

childline

Answer 9

An organizational unit of the Department of Public Welfare which operates 24 hours a day. Statewide, toll free telephone system for receiving reports of suspected child abuse, referring reports for investigation and maintaining the reports in the appropriate file

Question 10

client

Answer 10

A person, system, organization, group, or family for whom a psychologist provides psych services

Question 11

client/patient

Answer 11

A person, system, organization, group, or family for whom a psychologist provides psych services; in the case of individuals with legal guardians, including minors and legally incapacitated adults, the legal guardian shall be the client/patient for decision making purposes; the minor, legally incapacitated adult, or other person actually receiving the service shall be the client/patient for issues specifically reserved to the individual, such as confidential communications in a therapeutic relationship and issues directly affecting the physical or emotional safety of the individual, such as sexual or other exploitative dual relationships.

Question 12

confidentiality

Answer 12

Showing that you are saying something that is secret or private

Question 13

delegated supervisor

Answer 13

A person to whom the primary supervisor has delegated up to 1 hour of the 2 hours of required weekly supervision who holds a current license, certificate or registration from a health related board within the Bureau of Professional and Occupational Affairs or a person who is exempt from licensure

Question 14

doctoral degree in a field related to psychology

Answer 14

A degree awarded upon successful completion of a program which, within 1 year from the awarded of the doctoral degree meets one of the following:

1. Is accredited by the APA or CPA
2. Is designated by the ASPPB/National Register Designation Project
3. Is offered by a foreign college or university whose standards are equivalent to the ASPBB/National Register Designation Project criteria

Question 15

doctoral degree in psychology

Answer 15

A degree awarded upon successful completion of a program in psychology which, within 1 year from the award of the doctoral degree, meets criteria above

Question 16

graduate training in psychology

Answer 16

The completion of 15 graduate semester hours in a doctoral degree program in psychology that includes any of the following:

1. Provides in its core program required instruction in ethics, research and design methodology, statistics and psychometrics. Requires students to demonstrate competence in each of the following four substantive content areas: biological bases of behavior, cognitive-affective bases of behavior, social bases of behavior, individual differences.
2. Includes supervised practicum, internship, field, or laboratory training appropriate to the practice of psychology
3. Includes course requirements in specialty areas of psychology

Question 17

immediate family member

Answer 17

Parent/guardian, child, sibling, spouse, or other family member with whom the client/patient lives

Question 18

individual residing in the same home as the child

Answer 18

An individual who is 14 years or older and who resides in the same home as the child

Question 19

national register

Answer 19

The Council for the National Register of Health Service Providers

Question 20

perpetrator

Answer 20

A person who has committed child abuse and is a parent of the child, a person responsible for the welfare of a child, an individual residing in the same home as a child or a paramour of a child’s parent

Question 21

person responsible for the child’s welfare

Answer 21

A person who provides permanent or temporary care, supervision, mental health diagnosis or treatment, training or control of a child in lieu of parental care, supervision, and control. The term does NOT include a person who is employed by or provides services in a public or private school, IU, or VoTech

Question 22

primary supervisor

Answer 22

A currently licensed psychologist having primary responsibility for directing and supervising the psychology resident

Question 23

privacy

Answer 23

freedom from unauthorized intrusion

Question 24

privilege

Answer 24

a right or benefit that is given to some people and not to others

Question 25

professional relationship

Answer 25

A therapeutic relationship which shall be deemed to exist for a period of time beginning with the first professional contact or consultation between a psychologist and a client/patient and continuing until the last date of the professional service. If seen on an intermittent basis, the professional relationship shall be deemed to start anew on each date the psychologist provides a professional service to the client/patient.

Question 26

professional setting

Answer 26

A public or private agency or institution or a private practice where the applicant for licensure is supervised as a psychology trainee for the purpose of preparing for the independent practice of psychology and which provides an opportunity for contact with other disciplines and for work with a broad range of clients. The agency, institution, or private practice shall be responsible for the welfare of and the services to each client/patient of the applicant, for collecting fees for services and for providing easy and continuous access to the supervisor both by the application and the app’s clients

Question 27

psychologist

Answer 27

A person who holds a license issued under the act to engage in the practice of psych.

Question 28

psychology intern

Answer 28

A student participating in an internship as part of a doctoral degree program in psychology or a field related to psychology

Question 29

psychology resident

Answer 29

An individual who has obtained a doctoral degree and is fulfilling the supervised experience requirement for licensure, or an applicant for licensure who is continuing training

Question 30

psychology trainee

Answer 30

A psychology intern or resident

Question 31

recent acts or omissions

Answer 31

Acts or omissions committed within two years of the date of the report to the Department of Public Welfare or county agency

Question 32

serious mental injury

Answer 32

psychological condition, as diagnosed by a physician or licensed psychologist including the refusal of appropriate treatment, that does one or more of the following:

1. Renders a child chronically and severely anxious, agitated, depressed, socially withdrawn, psychotic, or in reasonable fear that the child’s life or safety is threatened
2. Seriously interferes with a child’s ability to accomplish age appropriate developmental and social tasks

Question 33

serious physical injury

Answer 33

An injury that causes the child severe pain or significantly impairs a child’s physical functioning, either temporarily or permanently

Question 34

sexual abuse or exploitation

Answer 34

The employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of a child to engage in or assist another person to engage in sexually explicit conduct or a simulation of a sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing visual depiction, including photographing, videotaping, computer depicting or filming, of sexually explicit conduct or the rape, sexual assault, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, aggravated indecent assault, molestation, incest, indecent exposure, prostitution, statutory sexual assault or other form of sexual exploitation of children.

Question 35

sexual intimacies

Answer 35

Romantic, sexually suggestive, sexually demeaning, or erotic behavior. Including but not limited to intercourse, nontherapeutic verbal communication or inappropriate nonverbal communication of a sexual or romantic nature, sexual invitations, soliciting a date from a client, masturbating in the presence of a client (or encouraging them to), exposure, kissing or hugging, touching, physical contact or self-disclosure of a sexual or erotic nature.

Question 36

virtue

Answer 36

Aristotle and Confuscious; character building rather than following the rules

Question 37

deontological

Answer 37

duty-based ethics; act a certain way all the time KANT

Question 38

utilitarianism

Answer 38

MILL happiness is the end goal, greatest good for greatest number

Question 39

principle based

Answer 39

ROSS prima facia ethics (see which principles outweigh the others, what we use in ethics); consider consequences of all affected people

Question 40

beneficence and non maleficence

Answer 40

Reflects dual obligation to strive to do good and avoid doing harm
-Promoting the welfare of others
-Treating people and animals humanely
-Increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves
-Improving the condition of individuals, organizations, and society

Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. Safeguard the welfare and rights, attempt to resolve these conflicts in a responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm.

Question 41

fidelity and responsibility

Answer 41

Faithfulness of one human being to another
-Promise keeping
-Discharge and acceptance of fiduciary (trust) responsibilities
-Appropriate maintenance of scientific, professional and teaching relationships
-Responsibility to obtain and maintain high standards of competence in their work and concern with ethical compliance
-Psychologist avoid conflicts of interest that would jeopardize trust or lead to exploitation or harm

Trust, responsible, professional standards, cooperate

Question 42

integrity

Answer 42

-Requires honest communication, truth telling, promise keeping, and accuracy in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology
-Refraining from making professional commitments that cannot be met and avoiding or correcting misrepresentations of one’s work
-Do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud or subterfuge

What are some of the most common ways psychologists lack integrity?
-Lying, deceiving, misrepresenting work, giving false diagnoses to get someone services (time to use unspecified or other specified diagnoses)

Accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness

No cheating/stealing

Question 43

justice

Answer 43

-provide all people with fair, equitable, and appropriate access to treatment and to the benefits of scientific knowledge
-Awareness and guarding against one’s own bias

Fairness and justice to all; equality, boundaries of competence, limitations

Question 44

respect for peoples rights and dignity

Answer 44

-Informed consent
-Respecting diversity
-Privacy and confidentiality
-Assessment

Dignity and worth of all; vulnerabilities recognized; cultural issues/influence; prejudices known

Question 45

Hoffman report

Answer 45

psychologists using methods of torture on post-911 detainees; went against human rights – obviously don’t do it
-Made clear that psychologists’ ethical duties supersede their legal obligations when their activities contribute in any way to violation of human rights

Question 46

what to do when conflict between ethics and law cannot be resolved

Answer 46

-Psychologists are permitted to make a conscientious decision to comply with the legal or regulatory authority if their actions cannot be used to justify or defend violating human rights (Trestman, 2014)
-You can defy the law if the law violates human rights based on UN’s definition of human rights
-Standard 1.02 DOES NOT REQUIRE COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW

Question 47

when is informal resolution of ethical violation not feasible

Answer 47

i. Previous attempts to discuss the violation with offending psychologist were ineffective
ii. Offending psychologist is inaccessible
iii. Informal resolution would violate an individual’s confidentiality rights

Question 48

PA law of legal impairment

Answer 48

automatic suspension of license and then a committee review; different rules around substance abuse

Question 49

behaviors of substantial harm that need to be formally reported

Answer 49

sexual misconduct, insurance fraud, plagiarism, and blatant intentional misrepresentation

Question 50

when is the ethic standard about making improper complaints not followed

Answer 50

Violated if psychologists making a complaint had access to information refuting the accusation – whether or not they availed themselves of such information.

Question 51

unfair discrimination against compliant or respondent

Answer 51

a. Prohibits unfair discrimination against those who make ethics complaints.
b. Prohibits unfair discrimination against individuals who have been accused of, but not found to have committed, an ethical violation.

Question 52

explain providing services in emergencies

Answer 52

can provide services outside of competence to ensure services are not denied. Discontinue services after emergency has ended or there can be an appropriate referral.

Question 53

expert vs fact witness

Answer 53

Expert Witness: someone who has scientific, technical, or other special knowledge that allow the witness to give an opinion
-Not go outside comfort zone; easy to go outside competence

Fact Witness: knows about a particular case

Question 54

does informed consent have to be discussed in the first session

Answer 54

no, as early as possible though

Question 55

what must be discussed in informed consent

Answer 55

i. The nature of therapy (what is therapy?) – the therapeutic relationship and treatment
ii. Professional obligations of the therapist (insurance and diagnosis, etc.)
iii. Confidentiality and limits
iv. Fees
v. Therapist or client absence
vi. Contact information
vii. Crisis policy and availability
viii. Do you use email?→ but clarify that confidentiality cannot be enforced
ix. Texting policies
x. Office closures, snow policy, emergencies and how they will be informed
xi. Reminder calls

Question 56

HIPAA

Answer 56

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act – applies to electronic media; if you transmit anything electronically you have to follow HIPAA laws

Question 57

state preemption

Answer 57

federal law will only take place of state law if federal law better protects patient privacy
-PA state law is strict

Question 58

covered entities under HIPAA

Answer 58

-Health care insurers
-Hospitals and health care facilities
-Health care providers who transmit information electronically
-Psychologists must comply if they bill electronically for just one patient

Question 59

requirements under HIPAA

Answer 59

-Privacy notices

-Business associate agreements (can copy these or use pre existing forms)

-Privacy officers (every practice has to have one)
-Person that a client can go to if there is any problems or concerns around confidentiality and HIPAA related complaints
-If you act alone, you are this person; have to figure out how clients can handle these complaints
-Can be an administrator, not a clinician

Question 60

privacy officer

Answer 60

-Oversees the implementation of confidentiality rules of health care organization

Handles training employees and reviewing grievances
-Have to be trained on HIPAA every single year, need records of this if you are ever audited

Psychologist in solo practice can be their own privacy officer

Question 61

psychotherapy notes under HIPAA

Answer 61

Not required as a part of HIPAA
-Under HIPAA patients do not have the right to see process notes (but can see progress notes)

Definition of psychotherapy notes
-Notes recorded in any medium by a health care provider who is a mental health professional documenting or analyzing the contents of conversation during a private counseling session or in a group, joint or family counseling session and that are separated from the rest of the individual’s medical record

Question 62

what is not considered psychotherapy notes and what do individuals have a right to

Answer 62

Medication prescription and monitoring

Counseling sessions start and stop times

Modalities and frequencies of treatment

Results of clinical tests

Any summary of the following
-Diagnosis
-Functional status
-Treatment plan
-Symptoms
-Prognosis
-Progress to date

Question 63

PA ethics code two stipulations to confidentiality

Answer 63

1) Psychologist may not disclose confidential information to a third party without the consent of patient

2) Psychologists can discuss clinical information with other persons clearly concerned with case if reasonable efforts are made to avoid undue invasions of privacy
-Psychologist can utilize clinical material in classroom teaching and writing when information is deidentified
-APA code mentions this as well
-Consultation/ group supervision
-When you are working with folks under the same laws as you, you can discuss but de-identified

Question 64

things to include in ROI

Answer 64

Required by HIPAA and Pas mental health procedures act
-Name of patient
-Name of agency or individual releasing information
-Name and title of individual or agency receiving information
-Expiration date or condition under which release expires
-best practice to have an expiration date
-You will not know someone later; what would you do if someone comes to you with information and you are not actively seeing them, call client and see about releasing information?
-Discharges do not always indicate release
-Rule is around releasing information, not taking information
-Identification of information to be released
-Signature of patient and date (parents and sign for children under 14 and personal representative or guardians for adults who are declared incapacitated around healthcare)
-Other mandated language
-Other discretionary information (e.g. two signatures if patient is physically unable to sign, limitations to release)

Would be helpful to also include how information will be shared

Question 65

APA code vs HIPAA in accessing records

Answer 65

HIPAA:

-Patient may have right to obtain copy of records
-Institutions or treating practitioner may own the physical records themselves
-Debate around complete access to records and raw data due to potential harm
-Requires access to PHI but does not require access to psychotherapy notes

APA code:

Does not explicitly state that patients have rights to their records

Question 66

laws/ethics on families

Answer 66

No clear laws or ethics codes

Who is the patient vs. collaterals

Family secrets
-APA specifics be clear on your policy at the outset of treatment

Parents/groups
-No need to get everyone to sign a release

Marital relationship
-Couple is usually viewed as the patient and both parties must authorize; cannot be introduced in court or released to any other party without the mutual consent of the couple, unless the ROI is authorized by specific state law

Question 67

ages 14-18

Answer 67

Parent can get access of record to send to another medical professional, but not to get into their hands

Kid could potentially request it, but that is definitely a conversation that you have with that individual

14 you can consent to therapy, parent can also consent for you to be in therapy and take you there; cannot take away consent that their parent gave
-Kid cannot take away parents consent, can be forced to go to therapy; and parents cannot take away kids consent

Notes are not automatically the parents

Question 68

valid reasons to disclose

Answer 68

1. to provide needed professional services
2. to obtain appropriate professional consultation
3. to protect the client/patient, psychologist, or others from harm
4. to obtain payment for services

Question 69

release of information, covered entities and HIPAA

Answer 69

i. HIPAA requires that CEs obtain written valid authorization from the individual or personal representative before releasing PHI
ii. CEs have an obligation to agree to patient’s request unless request is reasonably likely to be associated with harm
iii. PA licensure regulations requires release only after full disclosure to client

Question 70

subpoenas vs court orders

Answer 70

subpoena is a legal request for information. steps to take:

1) Is it valid?
-Contact your lawyer to see, consult with someone and check

2) What is it requesting?
-Does it want records, to show up, whole file, pieces of file?

3) Contact client
-Letting them know that you received a subpoena for their records; tell them who is requesting it

4) Contact requesting attorney
-Who is the attorney for

5) Contact the court
-See what they are looking for

6) Challenge the subpoena
-Say you are unable to follow through with this, it may harm the client
-If it happens when you are a trainee the goal is to get you out of it because they are often wanting a witness to testify about the mental health of a client

7) Comply with subpoena
-You have to respond, but the repercussions are not that intense if you do not release information

court order

demand not a request you have to show up, more serious; can be sent for similar reasons; court orders are sent by judges

If someone else’s information is at risk or if it causes substantial harm

They might hold you in contempt if you do not talk, rare that it gets this far, but you have to know what you are able to ethically and legally do

Question 71

how long to keep records

Answer 71

i. PA = 5 years
ii. APA = 7 years
iii. HIPPA = 6 years (Children: 3 past adulthood or whichever is above is longer)

Question 72

things to record in each contact record

Answer 72

Date of service and session duration; Type of service; Nature of professional intervention (individual, phone, group, etc.); Nature of professional contact; Current assessment (formal or informal) of client/patient status

Question 73

steps in ethical decision making

Answer 73

1. Develop the skills to identify when a situation raises ethical issues.
2. Consider relevant APA Ethics Code, General Principles and Ethical Standards & other professional- i.e., policy at site
3. Determine whether there are local, state, and federal laws specific to the ethical situation
4. Make efforts to understand the perspective of different stakeholders. Who are you working with, for, yourself
5. Apply Steps 1 to 4 to generate ethical alternatives. Select the alternative that best fulfills one’s obligations under the Ethics Code and has the greatest likelihood of protecting the welfare of those who will be affected. Obligations for self-based on PA, APA, all codes
6. Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the course of action…Modify and continue to evaluate plan if necessary.

Question 74

high professional ethics, high personal ethics

Answer 74

integrated

Professionally informed: guided by compassion: Highly Effective

Question 75

low professional ethics, high personal ethics

Answer 75

separated

Compassion not restrained by professional ethics-may get over-involved; poor boundaries

Question 76

high professional ethics, low personal ethics

Answer 76

assimilated

Adopted professional standards; may be rigid & legalistic-
Stuck, living only by the professional standard

Question 77

low personal and professional ethics

Answer 77

marginalization

Low professional/personal standards; risks becoming exploitive; low boundaries – risk of jail

Question 78

four levels of sanctions by APA

Answer 78

reprimand, censure, expulsion, stipulated resignation

Question 79

reprimand

Answer 79

for a violation that was unlikely to cause serious harm; does not go on record

Reprimand
-A severe criticism for a fault
-Occurs when violation does not cause substantial harm to another person or profession
-You have to report these things honestly

Question 80

censure and things you may have to do if recieving one

Answer 80

for a violation that was likely to cause harm, but not substantial harm

-Formal and official judgment condemning and/or blaming person for fault
-Occurs when violation was likely to cause harm but not substantial harm
-Goes on record, more serious than reprimand, formal judgment

may have to:

-Cease and desist from an activity
-Obtain supervision or additional training or education
-Be evaluated for and obtain treatment if appropriate
-Agree to probationary monitoring

Question 81

expulsion

Answer 81

when an act was likely to result in substantial harm

-Removing the person from APA
-Occurs when violation is likely to cause substantial harm to another person or profession
-Must be reported to state board where further action may be taken

Question 82

stipulated resignation

Answer 82

when you committed a violation against the ethics code

-Committee finding that person committed a violation of the ethics code or failed to show good cause whey they should not be expelled

Question 83

licensure regulations in PA

Answer 83

License must be renewed every two years (biennium – the period from December 1 of an odd numbered year to November 30 of the next odd numbered year)
i. Minimum of 30 hours (CEUS)
ii. At least 3 contact hours per biennium in ethical issues
iii. Up to 10 contact hours can be carried over from excess of the previous biennium
iv. Excess hours in ethical issues may not be carried over

Question 84

PA state board of psychology

Answer 84

Consists of 9 members – US citizens; resident of PA for 3-year period
A term is 4 years

Power of the Board:
i. Pass people for licensure per them meeting the qualifications
ii. Adopt and revise rules, regulations, and policies
iii. Examine, deny, approve, issues, revoke, suspend, restrict, limit, and renew licenses
iv. Conduct hearings upon complaints concerning violations of the code
v. Change fees

Question 85

licensure requirements in PA

Answer 85

moral character
graduate of accredited university with 2+ supervised experience
passed EPPP
paid all fees
no felony convictions

Question 86

explain graduate of accredited university and supervised experience

Answer 86

i. 1 year = at least 12 months consisting of 1750 hours of experience
ii. Cannot have more than 45 hours (and no less than 15 hours) of experience per week
iii. 50% of the required hours must be obtained performing diagnosis, assessment, therapy, other interventions, supervision or consultation
iv. The other 50% may be obtained by teaching in association with an organized psychology or psychological research
v. Total experience must be obtained within 10 calendar years from the awarding of the doctoral degree

Question 87

required PA experience may be obtained at more than one entity simultaneously if the following:

Answer 87

1. Experience is obtained for each entity for a minimum of 6 consecutive months
2. Experience occurs for a minimum of 15 hours per week at each setting
3. Total experience for all settings does not exceed 45 hours per week

Question 88

when can you retake EPPP

Answer 88

i. If fail exam, after 6 months (but within two years) of the date of failure, you can take the exam again.

Question 89

felony conviction?

Answer 89

If have been convicted then at least 10 years have elapsed from date of conviction, demonstrate to the board that they have made significant progress in personal rehabilitation, and meets the other qualifications

Question 90

refusal, suspension or revocation of license

Answer 90

a. Failing to demonstrate the qualifications or standards for a license
b. Making misleading, deceptive, untrue, or fraudulent representation in the practice of psychology
c. Practicing fraud or deceit in obtaining a license
d. Practicing incompetence, negligence, or misconduct in practice
e. Submitting a false or deceptive biennial registration
f. Being convicted (guilty verdict) of a felony in any state or federal court, equivalent of a felony in a foreign country, or a misdemeanor in the practice of psychology.
g. Having a license to practice psychology suspended, revoked, refused, or receiving other disciplinary action by another state
h. Unable to practice psychology with reasonable skill and safety by reason of drunkenness, excessive use of drugs, narcotics, chemicals or a physical condition.
i. Violating an ethical regulation
j. Knowingly assisting or advising an unlicensed person to practice psychology
k. Committing moral or unprofessional conduct
l. Soliciting engagement in providing professional services through coercion, duress, compulsion, intimidation, threats, or harassing conduct
m. Submitting fraudulent claims to insurance companies
n. Failing to maintain professional records in accordance to regulations

Question 91

age of consent in PA

Answer 91

PA age of consent is 14

Teens ages 13-15 years old cannot consent to sexual activities with anyone who is 4 or more years older than them. People ages 16 years and older can legally consent to sexual activity.

Question 92

mandated reporting in PA

Answer 92

child abuse
driving under the influence (find alternate form of transportation, if refuses call police)
elder abuse in care center
duty to warn/protect

Question 93

definition of child abuse

Answer 93

i. Intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing physical injury (must have occurred within the last two years)
ii. Serious Physical Neglect
iii. Sexual Abuse or Exploitation

Mandatory Reporting of Infants
1. Illegal substance abuse by the child’s mother
2. Withdrawal symptoms resulting from prenatal drug exposure
3. A fetal alcohol system disorder

Question 94

what to do when you decide to warn

Answer 94

i. DISCUSS–Discuss the warning with the client
ii. WARN–Warn intended victim about the threat and the sources of the threat
iii. CONTACT–Contacting people who can apprise the potential victim of danger
iv. NOTIFY–Notifying local law enforcement authorities
v. COMIT–Initiating voluntary or involuntary psychiatric commitment
vi. OTHER?–Taking whatever other steps seem appropriate
vii. CONSULT–Consult APA Code, PA code and state law
viii. DOCUMENT–Document all your thoughts and efforts

Question 95

determining risk in duty to warn

Answer 95

i. Perform specific case assessment that looks at factors that inhibit and precipitate violence
ii. Link specific interventions to precipitating and inhibiting variables and continue to assess whether each intervention works
iii. If alliance is waning and precipitating factors appear to be escalating consider 302
iv. List our analysis of the precipitating and inhibiting factors related to the risk of violence in the chart
v. Note subsequent actions related to the management plan
vi. Delineate evidence establishing the diminution of risk

Question 96

when is self injury covered

Answer 96

i. Severe (eyes, genitalia)
ii. Anorexia (BMI very low)
iii. Kids

Question 97

minors 14+ consenting to treatment and parents consenting

Answer 97

Minors 14+ can consent to treatment; parents of minors less than 18 can also consent
-if child is over 14 years old, you inform them that information will be released to parents if child is in danger or risky behavior is happening. Can set boundaries that you can tell them together – and if don’t then you will tell them by that date. Can’t promise confidentiality, so need to lay out what the boundaries are in the documentation.
b. 14-18 can give informed consent to go to inpatient; but if parent puts them in there, then they cannot leave. Parent can’t take them out if child is the one that consented. Parent can give consent for the child.

A minor may not abrogate the consent provided by a parent or legal guardian on the minor’s behalf nor may a parent or legal guardian abrogate consent given by the minor on his or her own behalf

You do NOT promise confidentiality ages 14-18 years old. Need to be very, very clear about this with them up front (i.e. risky substance use, promiscuity, etc. would be disclosed to parents if they do not share)

Question 98

informed consent 14-18

Answer 98

When obtaining consent from the minor document in the record that an informed consent process was conducted, the limits of confidentiality, and that the minor substantially understands the nature and purpose of treatment.

Question 99

when can children younger than 14 consent

Answer 99

a. An emergency
b. Emancipated
c. D & A: Facility may but is not courted ordered to notify a parent
d. Married: Parents can’t force into treatment
e. Graduated High School: Parents can’t force into treatment
f. Pregnant
g. Borne a child

Question 100

if a parent requests info from 14+ treatment

Answer 100

a. If a parent consents (14+) parents limited to the following info: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Meds or other treatment, Risks/benefits, Expected results from treatment

Question 101

joint custody?

Answer 101

b. If there is joint custody then you need to obtain consent from both parents. The person that hired you is the person that pays for treatment unless otherwise documented.
c. Regardless of whether the parents have joint legal custody or no custody agreement, children aged 14 or older can consent to treatment on their own. No parent has a legal right to stop the child from receiving treatment

Question 102

examples of when you want consent of both-either parents

Answer 102

i. Married-either parent
ii. Never married; never had a court order-either parent
1. Want both parents to consent but sometimes may not be the case.
iii. Joint custody (asked to see decree); child under 14; both parents consent

Question 103

“what if” married parents of a minor <14

Answer 103

One of them needs to consent

Question 104

lost parent and minor <14

Answer 104

1. Good faith effort

Question 105

foster parent and minor <14

Answer 105

1. Does foster parent have legal custody?

Question 106

joint custody and minor

Answer 106

one parent verbally consents but refuses to sign; should get both written consent

Question 107

three kinds of justice

Answer 107

1) Distributive justice (fair access to benefits from contributions of psychology)

2) Procedural justice (fairness of the rules and practices applied across contexts and populations)
-Does not always mean equal

3) Interactional justice (fairness of how people are treated)

Question 108

requisite virtues for psychologists

Answer 108

Conscientiousness
-Motivation to do what’s right

Discernment
-Being contextually and relationally sensitive; and being insight and using judgment

Prudence
-Applies practical wisdom to ethical challenges