Diversity Flashcards
social identity theory
people are constantly seeking to maintain and enhance their self-esteem; impacted by personal identity and social identity; people enhance their self-esteem by viewing in-groups in positive ways and relevant out-groups in negative ways, which can lead to prejudice and discrimination against members of the out-groups.
relationship between self concept and social identity
Our self-concept influences our social identity. We are placed into social groups through categorizations from others, as well as ourselves. When categorizing social groups, we
are automatically attributing certain stereotypes to that group.
social group status (advantaged vs. targeted)
Greater access to social power based on membership of group.
-Advantaged: agent, dominant, oppressor, privileged.
Limited or denied access to social power based on membership of group.
-Targeted: target, subordinate, oppressed, disadvantaged.
personal identity
how we see ourselves as individuals, including our personality traits, academic and social interests, etc.
social group identity
how people see me/us based on certain physical, cultural, and social characteristics associated with social group categories.
-Social identity -> self-claimed vs. ascribed by others
-Multiple social identities -> visible vs. invisible
socialization
process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and of society.
reciprocal and dynamic process of socialization
begins at birth and continues throughout life; children play a role in their own socialization and development.
intentional socialization
when adults instill certain values explicitly in the child.
unintentional socialization
“what I do” vs. “what I say;” values instilled covertly.
what are the different systems in bronfrenbrenners model
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
microsystem
system is the closet to children and includes their immediate surroundings
e.g. parents
mesosystem
system establishes connections between the child’s different microsystems
e.g. relationship between parents and teacher
exosystem
system encompasses the environmental context which the the child does not directly experience but which still influences their life and development
e.g. parents work schedule
macrosystem
system includes the cultural values and norms that impact children’s lives
e.g. children have to be in school
chronosystem
changes that occur through time
e.g. political climate
explain the cycle of socialization
-we are born into a world with oppression and they impact us against our will
-first socialization: we are socialized by the people we trust, can receive mixed messages
-institutional and cultural socialization: brainwashed by media, language, thought patterns, music
-enforcements: system of rewards and punishments keep us playing by the rules
-results: socialization leads to bad results for this in and out of power (misperceptions, dissonance, silence, etc)
choice we have at the end of the cycle of socialization
do nothing and the cycle continues or we begin to think, challenge, or question the system
what things are in the core of the cycle of socialization that keep us in the cycle
ignorance, insecurity, confusion, obliviousness, fear
ADDRESSING model
Age
Disability (acquired)
Disability (developmental)
Religion
Ethnicity/Race
Sexual orientation
Socioeconomic status
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender
dominant group for age
young/middle aged adults
dominant group for disabilities
nondisabled people
dominant group for religion
Christian and secular
dominant group for ethnic and racial identity
european americans
dominant group for socioeconomic status
upper and middle class
dominant group for sexual orientation
heterosexuals
dominant group for indigenous heritage
european americans
dominant group for national origin
US born americans
dominant group for gender
men, cisgender
what are the core processes of racial identity development
transformed consciousness
redefinition
parallel developmental tasks
interactions between racial and ego identity
what is transformed consciousness
when dissonance starts to happen; realizing things weren’t the way you thought they were; feelings of guilt, denial, etc.
what is redefinition
of how fit into society; what privilege and power look like, etc.
what are parallel developmental tasks
-Abandonment of entitlement (internalized dominance)
-Surmounting of internalized racism (internalized oppression).
what are interactions between racial and ego identity
personality processes
what are the racial identity functions
buffering
bonding
bridging
code switching
individualism
define buffering
engaging in strategies to protect oneself from an actual occurrence of prejudice.
define bonding
sense of comfort and security with being around members of own group.
define bridging
sense of comfort and able to interact with people of different cultural backgrounds.
define code switching
feeling obligated to interact according to norms of one group and playing down norms of same group.
define individualism
internalized positive sense of self.
stages of black identity development model
pre encounter
encounter
immersion/emersion
internalization
internalization and commitment
what is pre encounter (black identity development model)
Lack of awareness; person is programmed to view and think of the world as
being non-Black, anti-Black, or the opposite of Black; internalized oppression.
what is encounter (black identity development model)
Experience that manages to slip by or shatters the person’s current feeling about themselves and their current interpretation of the condition of Black people in
the US (around preschool/early childhood).
what is immersion/ emersion (black identity development model)
Person immerses themselves in the world of Blackness; withdraw from dominant
culture/accept own culture; anti-White/pro-Black; want a majority experience.
what is internalization (black identity development model)
Individual develops an idealistic, superhuman level of expectancy toward
practically anything “Black” in which case minimal reinforcement may carry the person into continued involvement; conflict between old identity and new
identity; what it means to be one’s race and what it means to be oneself.
what is internalization and commitment (black identity development model)
The shift is from concern about how your friends see you to confidence in one’s personal standards of Blackness; person is committed to a plan and actively
trying to change; social change and justice involvement.
explain some general ideas about the minority identity development model
-Anchored in the belief that all minority groups experience the common force of oppression, and as a result will generate attitudes and behaviors consistent with a natural internal struggle to develop a positive sense of self.
-Framework to understand attitudes and behaviors of minority individuals in relation to their ethnic development.
-Stages tend to blend or even overlap (not linear).
stages of the minority development model
conformity
dissonance
resistance and immersion
introspection
synergistic articulation and awareness (integrative awareness)
what is conformity (minority development)
Embraces dominant culture’s belief, rejects their culture; negative impact on self-esteem; high appreciation for dominant culture/prefer over their
culture’s values; characteristics of their own culture are rejected and viewed
with contempt.
what is dissonance (minority development)
Awareness of conflicting messages from the dominant group to their group;
questioning; usually a gradual process; encounter.
what is resistance and immersion (minority development)
Appreciation of self/members of their group; endorse minority held views
and reject dominant values; guilt, shame, and doubt about oppression and racism they had put up with.
what is introspection (minority development)
Cognitive dissonance and identity—conflict between their identity and their desire to be an individual member of society, independent of stereotypes;
about finding a sense of self as an individual who is part of a minority group.
what is synergistic articulation and awareness (integrative awareness) (minority development)
Rather than seeing conflict between one’s culture and that of the dominant group, individuals realize that there are acceptable and unacceptable factors from both; a strong desire to end all forms of oppression; develop more realistic views of groups and sense of security; ability to appreciate positive
aspects of their culture and the dominant culture.
what does white racial identity model involve
Involves coming to terms with one’s own unearned privilege in society, followed by an honest self-examination of one’s role in maintaining the status quo and ending with a balanced identity characterized by self-awareness and a commitment to social justice.
steps of white racial identity model
phase 1:
contact
disintegration
reintegration
phase 2:
pseudo-independent
immersion/emersion
autonomy
contact (white identity development)
Whites pay little attention to the significance of their race (“colorblindness”); person has yet to confront the moral dilemmas resulting from other stages;
think of racism as prejudiced behaviors of individuals rather than as an institutionalized system of advantage benefiting whites in subtle and blatant
ways.
disintegration (white identity development)
Marked by a growing awareness of racism and white privileged as a result of personal encounters; stage is characterized by discomfort (guilt, shame, anger); awareness of one’s personal prejudices within one’s family; cognitive
dissonance.
reintegration (white identity development)
Person consciously acknowledges their whiteness and accepts system of white superiority and Black inferiority; not wanting to be recognized as part of a group, but would rather be recognized as an individual; actively and/or
passively reinforcing stereotypes; developing an understanding of cultural
mistrust.
pseudo independent (white identity model)
Defining a positive white identity; develop a commitment to unlearn one’s racism; movement depends on POC the white person interacts with;
whiteness is experienced as a source of shame rather than pride.
immersion/emersion (white identity development)
Recognizing the need to find a more positive self-definition; must seek a new way of thinking about whiteness, that take whites beyond the role of victimizer; finding other white allies and the importance of being around like-
minded whites.
autonomy (white identity development)
A person incorporates the newly defined view of whiteness as a part of a personal identity; person is continually open to new information and new
ways of thinking about racial and cultural variables; benefits include increased
effectiveness in multiracial settings.
white fragility
state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward
display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium.
tone policing
An ad hominem and anti-debate tactic based on criticizing a person for expressing emotion. Tone policing detracts from the validity of a statement by attacking the tone in which it was presented rather than the message itself.
white silence
Experienced by members of the White culture who, during discussions of racial issues, experience negative emotions including guilt and anger. When these
feelings are not addressed, Whites begin to resist certain content areas. This resistance takes on the form of White silence.
white saviorism
assumption that BIPOC need White people to save them.
white feminism
epithet used to describe feminist theories that focus on the struggles of white women without addressing distinct forms of oppression faced by ethnic minority women and women lacking other privileges.
acculturation
process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group (i.e., incorporate both).
does acculturation only work in one way
no, Although acculturation is usually in the direction of a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, acculturation can be reciprocal (i.e., dominant group adopts patterns typical of the minority group).
acculturative stress
generational acculturation conflicts involves parents who want to preserve traditional cultural beliefs in their children and their children experiencing stress as they are pressured by the dominant culture (often resulting in feeling alienated from parents).
what are the 5 modes of acculturation
assimilation
integration
separation
segregation
marginalization
assimilation (acculturation)
relinquishing of cultural identity and assuming the beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors of the majority group.