Ethics Flashcards
the empirical study of moral decisions.
It is a discipline concerned with what is morally good
and evil, right and wrong.
Ethics
which concerns human
behavior in general, is to address our questions
about the essence of human behavior.
Normative ethics
2 Fields of Normative Ethics
Moral philosophy and Applied ethics
deals with moral
ideas such as what human beings
“must do or how human beings
should be.” This also deals with our
moral obligation, the meaning of the
act, or the purpose of the act.
Moral Philosophy
is a philosophy that
discusses strong and basic moral
issues linked to abortion.
Applied ethics i
is a discipline that relies on meaning.
It is a science that is seeking to address non-moral questions about morality
Meta-ethics
refer to the guidelines we
have on the types of acts that we find to be morally permissible and morally unacceptable
Moral standards
apply to laws which are not related to social or legal considerations. Perhaps these criteria are not inherently related to morality or, by their very definition, lack of ethical sense
Non-moral standards
Decorum propriety means
reverence for the formal criteria governing conduct
in a civilized society.
Etiquette
are the basis of the capacity of an
individual to distinguish between right and wrong.
Values
a moral dilemma is a situation in which a decisionmaker
must give preference to one moral principle over
another.
Kvalnes (2019)
a moral dilemma is a situation in which people assume that they should morally do one thing and that they should morally do another thing, and occasionally a third thing or even a fourth thing, but they’re not
doing any of these mutually contradictory choices together.
Kurie & Albin (2007)
ethical dilemma or a moral dilemma situation whereby a person has to make a decision. Among competing alternatives, which is the right (ethical) alternative and which is the best
Figar & Dordevic, (2016)
refers to a situation that
causes an organization to respond
negatively or positively to an ethical issue
that affects staff, shareholders, and society,
as well as corporate ethics and customers. It includes also the leaders’ ethical actions in preserving financial reporting integrity.
ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL OR MORAL
DILEMMA
pertains to a
situation where individuals confront with a
number of factors such as peer pressure,
personal financial position, an economic and
social status which may influence all
individual ethical standards.
INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA
s part of every individual’s life. It is
just a query as to whether an individual remains
aware of doing what is good and what is right.
Socialization
selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge.
STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA
four concepts in the
structural moral dilemma
Differentiation vs. Integration,Gap vs Overlap,Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity,
Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive
the right to control one’s actions based on reason, not desire. All of this can be simplified to the definition of autonomy.
Freedom
self-legislator
Autonomy
idea that reason should be used to decide how people will behave. He did not attempt to recommend concrete action but advised that reason should be used to
decide how to behave.
Morality
The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a classic dilemma. The more complicated a task structure, the more difficult it is to sustain a centered,
tightly coupled organization. When complexity grows, the company needs more complicated and expensive management techniques. Laws,regulations, and directives need to be balanced by
lateral approaches.
Differentiation vs. Integration
When the main tasks are not
explicitly defined, the critical job will slip In a similar manner, functions and activities can overlap, causing conflict, wasting time, and unintended duplication of responsibilities.
Gap vs Overlap
When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problems. Yet when people ‘s duties are
over defined, they comply with their positions and procedures in a bureaucratic manner. They specifically follow job requirements as to how much
the service or product fails.
Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity
When individuals or groups are too
independent, they are always isolated. On the other hand, if the units and responsibilities are too closely
connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time or excessive coordination.
Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive
Interdependence
Kant based the idea of obligation on ethical law.
GOOD WILL AND DUTY
Having applied the categorical imperative, duties emerge because failure to perform them will either result in a contradiction of conception or a contradiction of will.
PERFECT AND IMPERFECT DUTIES
binds us as everyone has a responsibility not to lie, regarless of conditions
and even though it is in our interest to do so.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
is one that we must fulfill
if we are to satisfy our desires or command conditionally on your having a relevant desire.
hypothetical imperative
When anyone acts, it’s a maxim, or a principle. For Kant, an act is only permissible if one
can have the principle that allows an action to be the universal law by which everybody acts.
Universability
Kant argued that rational beings should never be viewed simply as a means to ends; they must also be viewed as ends themselves, demanding equal regard for their own logical motives.
HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF
means that we do not
judge a society by our own criteria of what is right or
wrong, odd or natural. Rather, we will make an effort
to understand the cultural traditions of other
communities in their own cultural context.
cultural relativism
is a concept that it is not obvious to
define because a principle is connected with morality
or ethics.
universal value
