Ethics Flashcards
Non-moral standards by which we judge manners as good or bad
Standards of Etiquette
A set of rules of human behavior, which has been influenced by the standards set by the society or by himself in relation to his society
Ethics
Non-moral standards by which we judge an action to be legally right or wrong
Standards of Law
Non-moral standards by which we judge what is grammatically right and wrong
Standards of Language
Non-moral standards by which we judge good and bad art
Standards of Aesthetics
Non-moral standards by which we judge how well a game is being played
Standards of Athletics
Ethics comes from the Greek word _________ which means customs, usage, or character
“ethos”
It deals with the nature of moral judgment
Meta-ethics
It prescribes moral principles or maxims for us to follow if we are to live moral lives
Meta-ethics
It is concerned with the content of moral judgments and the criteria for what is right or wrong
Normative Ethics
It attempts to answer our questions regarding the practical ends of human action
Normative Ethics
It involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, and homosexuality
Applied Ethics
A ______________ is a conscious, voluntary and free act. It does not force nor coerced a person to perform an act
human act
It is the foundation of morality and depends on truth and makes you responsible for your actions
Freedom
We experience _____________ lifestyle when we begin to look at things as moral in their capacity to provide pleasure and prevent pain
hedonistic
The set of rules or customs that determine the accepted and proper behaviors in a particular social group
Etiquette
Itis concerned with proper behavior that makes us show respect and courtesy to others
Etiquette
______ is an ordinance of reason, promulgated by legitimate authority for the purpose of the common good.
Law
The sense of the good serves as a ________________ in each person to actualize a world that is just
moral power
_________________ are not established by the decisions of authoritarian bodies, nor solely appealing to consensus or tradition
Moral standards
Moral standards have ______________________ that they apply to all who are in the same situation. This is exemplified in the golden rule: “Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you”
universal validity
According to Aristotle, moral virtue is attained by means of _________
habit
According to Aristotle, having virtue means?
Doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, and toward the right people
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, is the one who developed which theory in Ethics?
Virtue Ethics Theory
It reflects the ancient assumption that humans have a fixed nature
Virtue Ethics
This theory focuses on the determination of what makes a person, or character, good rather than what makes an action good
Virtue Ethics
Aristotle’s virtue ethics recognizes that ____________ or ______________ is the ultimate purpose of a person
eudaimonia, happiness
This law in Ethics was developed by St. Thomas Aquinas
Natural Law Ethics
The three (3) determinants of moral action:
- The Object or The End of An Action (Finis Operas)
- The Intention of the Agent (Finis Operantis)
- The Circumstances (Circumstantiae)
__________ rights are inalienable rights
Natural
This theory claims that what makes an action right or wrong are the consequences of the action
Teleological Ethical Theory
This theory places special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of the action
Deontological Theory
It claims that our motivations to do good come from our idea of “duty”
Deontological Ethical Theory
The most prominent Deontological Theory was propounded by ________________, a German philosopher
Immanuel Kant
Based on Kant, the only correct motive for moral actions is duty in which he calls ___________________, example, one acts with a good will if s/he does the right thing for the right reason/motive
acting from duty
These are commands that we should follow if we want something
Hypothetical Imperatives
These are commands we must follow, regardless of our desires. It is the source of “moral from within”
Categorical Imperatives
An action is considered to be good if it passes through the Principles of Categorical Imperatives, namely:
- Universalizability Principle
- Humanity Principle or Principle of Respect for Person
- Autonomy Principle
- Kingdom of Ends Principle
A ___________ is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable
dilemma
- When dilemmas involve human actions which have moral implications, they are called ____________________________
ethical or moral dilemmas
__________________ are experience in the individual, organizational and systemic levels
Moral dilemmas
______________________________ involve situations wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other and that the moral agent hardly knows which of the conflicting moral requirements takes precedence over the other
Epistemic moral dilemmas
_____________________________ involve situations wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other but neither of these conflicting moral requirements overrides each other
Ontological moral dilemmas
It is caused by the wrongdoing of the moral agent
Self-imposed Moral Dilemma
It means that certain events in the world place the agent in a situation of moral conflict
World-imposed Moral Dilemma
______________________ are situations in which more than one feasible action is obligatory
Obligation dilemmas
_____________________ involve cases in which all feasible actions are forbidden
Prohibition dilemmas
This refers to when moral agent is compelled to act on two or more equally the same moral options but she cannot choose both
Single Agent Dilemma
This involves several persons like a family, an organization, or a community who is expected to come up with a consensual decision on a moral issue at hand
Multi-person Dilemma
Moral dilemmas arise due to _____________________________________
inconsistency in our principles
It is concerned about the rightness or wrongness of human action
Morality
He is the proponent of Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
Reasoning of individuals undergoing the _________________ level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory
preconventional
In Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory, the preconventional stage is centered on the ___________________ of the consequences of the action/s performed
pain and pleasure
During the ______________ level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory, an individual learns to _______________________________________________ of the society in which s/he belongs to
conventional, follow rules and conform to the expectations
__________________ level is the highest level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory wherein an individual realizes that the ethical principles are not only based on the rules or conventions that his society dictates but based on ____________________ and __________________________________
Post-conventional, using one’s free will, how he understands a situation using his full rationality
It is the ethical theory which claims that the consequences of an action are the ones that ultimately matter
Consequentialism
A philosophy advocating the greatest happiness of the greatest number
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism embodies the principle of utility which states that:
“We should always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”
A British philosopher who is regarded as the founder of utilitarianism particularly quantitative hedonistic utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham is considered as the _______________ of University College London because of his support of extending education to people of all classes and religion
spiritual father
Bentham provides a framework for evaluating pleasure and pain commonly called _______________ or _________________
hedonistic calculus, calculus of felicity
It is the belief that morality is determined by the acquisition of pleasure
Hedonism
He refined the original Utilitarianism of Bentham and is known for his short exposition of the theory of individual liberty and the right to freedom of speech
John Stewart Mill
John Stewart Mill is known for the ______________________________ which focuses on the qualitative differences among types of pleasures
Qualitative Hedonistic Utilitarianism
__________ is concerned with the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens to individuals in social institutions
Justice
It refers to the fair distribution or allocation of certain things which are generally classified as burdens, when they are regarded as undesirable, or as benefits when they are desirable
Distributive Justice
It is a theory under distributive justice which claims that distribution is fair if every member of a group receives an equal share of the distribution
Egalitarianism
Every citizen should enjoy the same basic legal rights (such as rights to
suffrage, education, and due process) guaranteed by the state according to ___________________________
political egalitarianism
_________________________ claims that all citizens should enjoy the same basic socio-economic goods or resources guaranteed by the state
Economic Egalitarianism
__________________ is contribution-based justice. Benefits should be distributed according to the degree of contribution that each person provides
Capitalist Justice
In _______________, a needs-based justice, distribution is fair if every member of a group receives his share in the distribution according to or in proportion to his needs
socialist justice
He is an American philosopher who is known for his Theory of Justice as Fairness
John Rawls
____________________________________________________ is one of the five basic goods that every person needs as a citizen of the state according to John Rawls
Freedom of movement, free choice of occupation
According to John Rawl, _____________ and __________ are basic goods that every person needs as a citizen of the state
basic rights, liberties
John Rawls defines justice as a virtue of social institutions, measured by fairness in allocating benefits and burdens, defined by two basic principles:
- Liberty
- Difference
This theory claims that distributions are fair when no moral rights are violated in acquiring and transferring ownership of the goods to be distributed
Entitlement Theory
An American philosopher who is known for his Libertarian Justice or also known as Entitlement Theory
Robert Nozick
Justice in distribution is achieved when a person is entitled to it according to the principle of ___________________________________________________________________
justice in acquisition, the principle of justice in transfer, or the principle of rectification
A theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior
Restorative Justice
________ causes harm and _________ should focus on repairing that harm
Crime, justice
In ______________, the responsibility of the government is to maintain order and of the community to build peace
restorative justice
It is morally impermissible intentionally to punish the innocent or to inflict disproportionately large punishments on wrongdoers is one of the principles of ________________
retributive justice
It is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes
Procedural Justice
Rules or procedures must be _______________ and _______________ in procedural justice
consistently followed, impartially applied
It is warranted as a response to a past event of injustice or wrongdoing
Punishment
__________ and __________ are sought by most people but the interpretation of what is just and what is fair varies
Justice, fairness
It includes all features of a society’s way of life
Culture
_____________ culture or ___________ culture is viewed as something invisible that resides in people’s minds
Subjective, non-material
_____________ culture can be conceptualized as created by individuals and it is also known as ___________ culture
Objective, material
An act can be judged as right or wrong based solely on _______________________
the nature of the act itself
It is the idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles
Moral Relativism
It is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture
Cultural Relativism
The belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others
Ethnocentrism
It refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own
Xenocentrism
The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture
Cultural Imperialism
This refers to the disorientation and frustration a person experiences when encountering cultures different from their own
Culture Shock
Practicing cultural relativism requires an _____________ and a ____________ to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms
open mind, willingness
It is the theory that moral judgments or truths are relative to cultures
Cultural Moral Relativism
__________ unifies people in ways that only those who belong in the society understands
Culture
_________________ results in camaraderie and a feeling of closeness one to another
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Starting out projects with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down, leaving things unfinished is an example of
ningas cogon
One of the weaknesses of the Filipino character is the so-called ________________ which uses leveling instruments of tsismis, intriga and unconstructive criticism to bring others down
crab mentality
_____________ presumably means refraining from using force to impose the moral beliefs of one’s own culture on other cultures
Toleration
One of the characteristics of a moral person is ______ and ___________, that is, “No man is an island,” meaning we grow into our full selves as persons only in relating to others
open, relational
A moral person is a ___________ being possessing self-awareness through our knowing and free will
conscious
A moral person is an ________________. This stresses the unity between our body and soul
embodied spirit
A ______________ is an entity having moral status or understanding
moral person
Moral persons are ___________ when they act as sources of morally evaluable actions, in that they are the doers of such actions
moral agents
When a person’s rights are respected, they act as ______________
moral patients
All moral persons are ____________ but not all can be ____________
moral patients, moral agents
What are moral agents?
Beings that are capable of reasoning, judging, and acting with reference to right and wrong
Moral agents are expected to ________________________________________
adhere to standards of morality for their actions
Moral agents are morally ___________ for their actions and _____________ for their consequences
responsible, accountable
A system of values that people express in relation to each other and to nature
Environmental Ethics
It refers to the view that only humans have moral status or are intrinsically valuable
Anthropocentrism
St. Thomas Aquinas viewed the _________________ as something created at the service of human beings
natural environment
_____________ grounds moral status not on an individual’s rationality, but on the individual’s capacity to experience feelings and sensations
Sentientism
It means life-centered ethics and views all life as possessing intrinsic value whether it is a human, an animal, or a plant
Biocentrism
A view that recognizes intrinsic value in all life forms and ecosystems themselves
Ecocentrism
A Filipino philosopher that identified four cross-points to one’s identity
Ramon C. Reyes
The four (4) Cross-points of Identity according to Ramon C. Reyes
- Physical
- Interpersonal
- Social
- Historical
Refers to anything that can be desired and something chosen from alternatives acted upon and enhances creative integration and development of human personality
Values
_______________ include poetry, music, painting, and unique characteristics important to a culture
Cultural values
