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Review: LET (General Education) > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Non-moral standards by which we judge manners as good or bad

A

Standards of Etiquette

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1
Q

A set of rules of human behavior, which has been influenced by the standards set by the society or by himself in relation to his society

A

Ethics

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2
Q

Non-moral standards by which we judge an action to be legally right or wrong

A

Standards of Law

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3
Q

Non-moral standards by which we judge what is grammatically right and wrong

A

Standards of Language

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4
Q

Non-moral standards by which we judge good and bad art

A

Standards of Aesthetics

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5
Q

Non-moral standards by which we judge how well a game is being played

A

Standards of Athletics

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6
Q

Ethics comes from the Greek word _________ which means customs, usage, or character

A

“ethos”

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7
Q

It deals with the nature of moral judgment

A

Meta-ethics

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8
Q

It prescribes moral principles or maxims for us to follow if we are to live moral lives

A

Meta-ethics

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9
Q

It is concerned with the content of moral judgments and the criteria for what is right or wrong

A

Normative Ethics

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10
Q

It attempts to answer our questions regarding the practical ends of human action

A

Normative Ethics

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11
Q

It involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, and homosexuality

A

Applied Ethics

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12
Q

A ______________ is a conscious, voluntary and free act. It does not force nor coerced a person to perform an act

A

human act

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13
Q

It is the foundation of morality and depends on truth and makes you responsible for your actions

A

Freedom

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14
Q

We experience _____________ lifestyle when we begin to look at things as moral in their capacity to provide pleasure and prevent pain

A

hedonistic

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15
Q

The set of rules or customs that determine the accepted and proper behaviors in a particular social group

A

Etiquette

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16
Q

Itis concerned with proper behavior that makes us show respect and courtesy to others

A

Etiquette

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17
Q

______ is an ordinance of reason, promulgated by legitimate authority for the purpose of the common good.

A

Law

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18
Q

The sense of the good serves as a ________________ in each person to actualize a world that is just

A

moral power

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19
Q

_________________ are not established by the decisions of authoritarian bodies, nor solely appealing to consensus or tradition

A

Moral standards

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20
Q

Moral standards have ______________________ that they apply to all who are in the same situation. This is exemplified in the golden rule: “Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you”

A

universal validity

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21
Q

According to Aristotle, moral virtue is attained by means of _________

A

habit

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22
Q

According to Aristotle, having virtue means?

A

Doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, and toward the right people

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23
Q

Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, is the one who developed which theory in Ethics?

A

Virtue Ethics Theory

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24
Q

It reflects the ancient assumption that humans have a fixed nature

A

Virtue Ethics

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25
Q

This theory focuses on the determination of what makes a person, or character, good rather than what makes an action good

A

Virtue Ethics

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26
Q

Aristotle’s virtue ethics recognizes that ____________ or ______________ is the ultimate purpose of a person

A

eudaimonia, happiness

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27
Q

This law in Ethics was developed by St. Thomas Aquinas

A

Natural Law Ethics

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28
Q

The three (3) determinants of moral action:

A
  1. The Object or The End of An Action (Finis Operas)
  2. The Intention of the Agent (Finis Operantis)
  3. The Circumstances (Circumstantiae)
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29
Q

__________ rights are inalienable rights

A

Natural

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30
Q

This theory claims that what makes an action right or wrong are the consequences of the action

A

Teleological Ethical Theory

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31
Q

This theory places special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of the action

A

Deontological Theory

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32
Q

It claims that our motivations to do good come from our idea of “duty”

A

Deontological Ethical Theory

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33
Q

The most prominent Deontological Theory was propounded by ________________, a German philosopher

A

Immanuel Kant

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34
Q

Based on Kant, the only correct motive for moral actions is duty in which he calls ___________________, example, one acts with a good will if s/he does the right thing for the right reason/motive

A

acting from duty

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35
Q

These are commands that we should follow if we want something

A

Hypothetical Imperatives

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36
Q

These are commands we must follow, regardless of our desires. It is the source of “moral from within”

A

Categorical Imperatives

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37
Q

An action is considered to be good if it passes through the Principles of Categorical Imperatives, namely:

A
  1. Universalizability Principle
  2. Humanity Principle or Principle of Respect for Person
  3. Autonomy Principle
  4. Kingdom of Ends Principle
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38
Q

A ___________ is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable

A

dilemma

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39
Q
  • When dilemmas involve human actions which have moral implications, they are called ____________________________
A

ethical or moral dilemmas

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40
Q

__________________ are experience in the individual, organizational and systemic levels

A

Moral dilemmas

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41
Q

______________________________ involve situations wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other and that the moral agent hardly knows which of the conflicting moral requirements takes precedence over the other

A

Epistemic moral dilemmas

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42
Q

_____________________________ involve situations wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other but neither of these conflicting moral requirements overrides each other

A

Ontological moral dilemmas

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43
Q

It is caused by the wrongdoing of the moral agent

A

Self-imposed Moral Dilemma

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44
Q

It means that certain events in the world place the agent in a situation of moral conflict

A

World-imposed Moral Dilemma

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45
Q

______________________ are situations in which more than one feasible action is obligatory

A

Obligation dilemmas

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46
Q

_____________________ involve cases in which all feasible actions are forbidden

A

Prohibition dilemmas

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47
Q

This refers to when moral agent is compelled to act on two or more equally the same moral options but she cannot choose both

A

Single Agent Dilemma

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48
Q

This involves several persons like a family, an organization, or a community who is expected to come up with a consensual decision on a moral issue at hand

A

Multi-person Dilemma

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49
Q

Moral dilemmas arise due to _____________________________________

A

inconsistency in our principles

50
Q

It is concerned about the rightness or wrongness of human action

A

Morality

51
Q

He is the proponent of Moral Development Theory

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

52
Q

Reasoning of individuals undergoing the _________________ level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory

A

preconventional

53
Q

In Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory, the preconventional stage is centered on the ___________________ of the consequences of the action/s performed

A

pain and pleasure

54
Q

During the ______________ level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory, an individual learns to _______________________________________________ of the society in which s/he belongs to

A

conventional, follow rules and conform to the expectations

55
Q

__________________ level is the highest level of Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory wherein an individual realizes that the ethical principles are not only based on the rules or conventions that his society dictates but based on ____________________ and __________________________________

A

Post-conventional, using one’s free will, how he understands a situation using his full rationality

56
Q

It is the ethical theory which claims that the consequences of an action are the ones that ultimately matter

A

Consequentialism

57
Q

A philosophy advocating the greatest happiness of the greatest number

A

Utilitarianism

58
Q

Utilitarianism embodies the principle of utility which states that:

A

“We should always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people”

59
Q

A British philosopher who is regarded as the founder of utilitarianism particularly quantitative hedonistic utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham

60
Q

Jeremy Bentham is considered as the _______________ of University College London because of his support of extending education to people of all classes and religion

A

spiritual father

61
Q

Bentham provides a framework for evaluating pleasure and pain commonly called _______________ or _________________

A

hedonistic calculus, calculus of felicity

62
Q

It is the belief that morality is determined by the acquisition of pleasure

A

Hedonism

63
Q

He refined the original Utilitarianism of Bentham and is known for his short exposition of the theory of individual liberty and the right to freedom of speech

A

John Stewart Mill

64
Q

John Stewart Mill is known for the ______________________________ which focuses on the qualitative differences among types of pleasures

A

Qualitative Hedonistic Utilitarianism

65
Q

__________ is concerned with the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens to individuals in social institutions

A

Justice

66
Q

It refers to the fair distribution or allocation of certain things which are generally classified as burdens, when they are regarded as undesirable, or as benefits when they are desirable

A

Distributive Justice

67
Q

It is a theory under distributive justice which claims that distribution is fair if every member of a group receives an equal share of the distribution

A

Egalitarianism

68
Q

Every citizen should enjoy the same basic legal rights (such as rights to
suffrage, education, and due process) guaranteed by the state according to ___________________________

A

political egalitarianism

69
Q

_________________________ claims that all citizens should enjoy the same basic socio-economic goods or resources guaranteed by the state

A

Economic Egalitarianism

70
Q

__________________ is contribution-based justice. Benefits should be distributed according to the degree of contribution that each person provides

A

Capitalist Justice

71
Q

In _______________, a needs-based justice, distribution is fair if every member of a group receives his share in the distribution according to or in proportion to his needs

A

socialist justice

72
Q

He is an American philosopher who is known for his Theory of Justice as Fairness

A

John Rawls

73
Q

____________________________________________________ is one of the five basic goods that every person needs as a citizen of the state according to John Rawls

A

Freedom of movement, free choice of occupation

74
Q

According to John Rawl, _____________ and __________ are basic goods that every person needs as a citizen of the state

A

basic rights, liberties

75
Q

John Rawls defines justice as a virtue of social institutions, measured by fairness in allocating benefits and burdens, defined by two basic principles:

A
  1. Liberty
  2. Difference
76
Q

This theory claims that distributions are fair when no moral rights are violated in acquiring and transferring ownership of the goods to be distributed

A

Entitlement Theory

77
Q

An American philosopher who is known for his Libertarian Justice or also known as Entitlement Theory

A

Robert Nozick

78
Q

Justice in distribution is achieved when a person is entitled to it according to the principle of ___________________________________________________________________

A

justice in acquisition, the principle of justice in transfer, or the principle of rectification

79
Q

A theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior

A

Restorative Justice

80
Q

________ causes harm and _________ should focus on repairing that harm

A

Crime, justice

81
Q

In ______________, the responsibility of the government is to maintain order and of the community to build peace

A

restorative justice

82
Q

It is morally impermissible intentionally to punish the innocent or to inflict disproportionately large punishments on wrongdoers is one of the principles of ________________

A

retributive justice

83
Q

It is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair processes

A

Procedural Justice

84
Q

Rules or procedures must be _______________ and _______________ in procedural justice

A

consistently followed, impartially applied

85
Q

It is warranted as a response to a past event of injustice or wrongdoing

A

Punishment

86
Q

__________ and __________ are sought by most people but the interpretation of what is just and what is fair varies

A

Justice, fairness

87
Q

It includes all features of a society’s way of life

A

Culture

88
Q

_____________ culture or ___________ culture is viewed as something invisible that resides in people’s minds

A

Subjective, non-material

89
Q

_____________ culture can be conceptualized as created by individuals and it is also known as ___________ culture

A

Objective, material

90
Q

An act can be judged as right or wrong based solely on _______________________

A

the nature of the act itself

91
Q

It is the idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles

A

Moral Relativism

92
Q

It is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture

A

Cultural Relativism

93
Q

The belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others

A

Ethnocentrism

94
Q

It refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own

A

Xenocentrism

95
Q

The deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

A

Cultural Imperialism

96
Q

This refers to the disorientation and frustration a person experiences when encountering cultures different from their own

A

Culture Shock

97
Q

Practicing cultural relativism requires an _____________ and a ____________ to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms

A

open mind, willingness

98
Q

It is the theory that moral judgments or truths are relative to cultures

A

Cultural Moral Relativism

99
Q

__________ unifies people in ways that only those who belong in the society understands

A

Culture

100
Q

_________________ results in camaraderie and a feeling of closeness one to another

A

Pakikipagkapwa-tao

101
Q

Starting out projects with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down, leaving things unfinished is an example of

A

ningas cogon

102
Q

One of the weaknesses of the Filipino character is the so-called ________________ which uses leveling instruments of tsismis, intriga and unconstructive criticism to bring others down

A

crab mentality

103
Q

_____________ presumably means refraining from using force to impose the moral beliefs of one’s own culture on other cultures

A

Toleration

104
Q

One of the characteristics of a moral person is ______ and ___________, that is, “No man is an island,” meaning we grow into our full selves as persons only in relating to others

A

open, relational

105
Q

A moral person is a ___________ being possessing self-awareness through our knowing and free will

A

conscious

106
Q

A moral person is an ________________. This stresses the unity between our body and soul

A

embodied spirit

107
Q

A ______________ is an entity having moral status or understanding

A

moral person

108
Q

Moral persons are ___________ when they act as sources of morally evaluable actions, in that they are the doers of such actions

A

moral agents

109
Q

When a person’s rights are respected, they act as ______________

A

moral patients

110
Q

All moral persons are ____________ but not all can be ____________

A

moral patients, moral agents

111
Q

What are moral agents?

A

Beings that are capable of reasoning, judging, and acting with reference to right and wrong

112
Q

Moral agents are expected to ________________________________________

A

adhere to standards of morality for their actions

113
Q

Moral agents are morally ___________ for their actions and _____________ for their consequences

A

responsible, accountable

114
Q

A system of values that people express in relation to each other and to nature

A

Environmental Ethics

115
Q

It refers to the view that only humans have moral status or are intrinsically valuable

A

Anthropocentrism

116
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas viewed the _________________ as something created at the service of human beings

A

natural environment

117
Q

_____________ grounds moral status not on an individual’s rationality, but on the individual’s capacity to experience feelings and sensations

A

Sentientism

118
Q

It means life-centered ethics and views all life as possessing intrinsic value whether it is a human, an animal, or a plant

A

Biocentrism

119
Q

A view that recognizes intrinsic value in all life forms and ecosystems themselves

A

Ecocentrism

120
Q

A Filipino philosopher that identified four cross-points to one’s identity

A

Ramon C. Reyes

121
Q

The four (4) Cross-points of Identity according to Ramon C. Reyes

A
  1. Physical
  2. Interpersonal
  3. Social
  4. Historical
122
Q

Refers to anything that can be desired and something chosen from alternatives acted upon and enhances creative integration and development of human personality

A

Values

123
Q

_______________ include poetry, music, painting, and unique characteristics important to a culture

A

Cultural values

Review: LET (General Education) (10 decks)

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