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Bioethics > Ethical Issues about Beginning of Life > Flashcards

Ethical Issues about Beginning of Life Flashcards

1
Q

termination of pregnancy by expulsion of embryo or fetus from the mother’s womb prior to its viabililty

A

abortion

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2
Q

Deliberate destruction of human life at any stage between fertilization to birth.

A

abortion

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3
Q

methods of abortion (6)

A

vacuum aspiration
oral administration of drugs
dilation and curettage
hysterotomy
dilation and evacuation
saline injection
hormone injection

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4
Q

use of powerful pump inserted into womb ( 29x home vacuum cleaner) to tear fetus into pieces.

A

vacuum aspiration

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5
Q

combination of abortive pills used to detached implanted egg and cause uterine contraction.

A

oral administration of drugs

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6
Q

dilation of the womb to insert curette (sharp knife) to cut the fetus into pieces. 

A

dilation and curretage

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7
Q

cutting the umbilical cord to cut the oxygen supply of baby via caesarean section

A

hysterotomy

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8
Q

combination of dilation of the cervix and suction of the contents of uterus 

A

dilation and evacuation

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9
Q
  • salts kills the baby after injection using long needle through abdomen of the mother directed to the baby sac.
A

saline injection

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10
Q

causes to labor at any stage of pregnancy

A

hormone injection

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11
Q

types of abortion

A

spontaneous abortion/miscarriages
induced

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12
Q

It is a natural occuring termination of pregnancy without intervention

A

spontaneous abortion

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13
Q

It usually occurs due to diseases, genetic defects, trauma or biochemical incompatibility of mother and fetus.

A

spontaneous abortion/miscarriages

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14
Q

two types of miscarriages

A

natural
accidental

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15
Q
  • miscarriages that occur due to natural reasons like ill-health, disease, shock, fear, excessive joy of the mother.
A

natural

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16
Q

misccariages not intended to occur due to trauma of sexual intercourse, poisoning, or accidental fall resulting to dislodging of implanted ovum

A

accidental

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17
Q

miscarriages occurs at single phase for both natural and accidental

A

isolated

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18
Q

sequence of three or more consecutive spontaneous abortion.

A

recurrent

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19
Q

Divisions of Spontaneous types (natural,accidental,isolated or recurrent): (5)

A

threatened
inevitable
complete
missed
septic

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20
Q

abortion has started but not progressed 

A

threatened abortion

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21
Q

clinical type of abortion where changes has progressed to state of impossible pregnancy 

A

inevitable abortion

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22
Q

product of conception expelled from the uterus

A

complete abortion

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23
Q

part of the entire conception has expelled 

A

incomplete abortion

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24
Q

dead fetus is retained inside the uterus 

A

missed abortion

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25
Q

occurs due to clinical evidences of infection in the uterus (example: spontaneous vaginal bleeding, foul smell, fever, chill etc.) 

A

septic abortion

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26
Q

Purposeful termination of pregnancy. it is intentional expulsion of fetus or embryo from the uterus.

A

induced abortion

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27
Q

reasons for induced abortion

A

-Saving the life or preservation of physical and mental health of the mother 
-Prevention of pregnancy due to incest or rape 
-Prevention of pregnancy due to social or economic reasons 
-Prevention of birth of child with serious genetic defects.

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28
Q

types of induced abortion

A

legal
criminal

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29
Q

performed in accordance with the law of the country

A

legal abortion

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30
Q

-performed in violation of the law of the country

A

criminal abortion

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31
Q

deliberate prevention of pregnancy as the consequence of sexual intercourse by interfering the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation using different kinds of birth control method.

A

contraception

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32
Q

types of contraception

A

reversible
permanent

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33
Q

avoiding the chances of meeting the sperm and egg during high period of fertility (10th to 17th day of menstrual cycle). 

A

natural method

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34
Q

natural method include

A

Ovulation test kits 
Cervical mucus examination 
Rhythm method 

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35
Q

help identify the best time to have intercourse and maximize your chances of getting pregnant

A

ovulation kit

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36
Q

vulvar observations of cervical mucus predict not only the fertile days of the cycle but also the probabilities of conception within the fertile interval

A

cervical mucus observation

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37
Q

also called the calendar method or the calendar rhythm method, is a form of natural family planning

A

rhythm method

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38
Q

prevention of meeting of sperms and egg during sexual intercourse using barriers

A

barrier method

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39
Q

This dome-shaped rubber that blocks sperm from entering the cervix, Spermicide jelly placed inside the rubber dome before insertion will kill any sperm it comes in contact with

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

as a physical barrier that prevents sperm from entering the uterus and reaching an egg.

A

condom

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41
Q

are a form of barrier method birth control. They work by preventing sperm from entering your uterus and fertilizing an egg The cap blocks your cervix, the opening or entrance to your uterus.

A

cervical caps

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42
Q

is a kind of birth control that has chemicals that stop sperm from reaching an egg.

A

spermicide

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43
Q

it involves oral administration of drugs containing hormones that prevent the release of egg and fertilization. 

A

oral contraceptives

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44
Q

example of oral contraceptives

A

birth control pills
hormonal pills

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45
Q

the use of contraceptive devices placed in the uterus.

A

Implants

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46
Q

such as small plastic T-shaped that contains copper or progesterone to prevent pregnancy.

A

IUD

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47
Q

IUD means

A

intra-uterine device

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48
Q

permanent contraception

A

surgical methods

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49
Q

surgical methods include

A

tubectomy
vasectomy

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50
Q

Surgical blocking of eggs in female fallopian tube

A

tubectomy

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51
Q

Surgical blocking of eggs in female fallopian tube

A

vasectomy

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52
Q

transcervical sterilization using flexible inserts in each fallopian tubes through vagina and cervix creating scar tissue over months to block the sperms from reaching egg.

A

essure

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53
Q

Advantages for Contraception (5)

A

human rights benefits
health benefits
family benefits
benefits for woman
demographic benefits

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54
Q

freedom of choice to control their lives

what benefit

A

human rights benefits

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55
Q

prevent health risk of woman and possible transmission of diseases

what benefit

A

health benefit

56
Q

enjoy quality time for children and couple

what benefit

A

family benefits

57
Q

promotes gender equality and autonomy

what benefits

A

benefits for woman

58
Q

control population, environment protection, and reduction of poverty

what benefits

A

demographic benefits

59
Q

the use of medical intervention to help couples with fertility problem to conceive a baby.

A

assisted conception

60
Q

ggs are gathered through laparoscopy and combined with sperms in the laboratory dish. After fertilization, the zygote is implanted into the womb. 

A

in-vitro fertilization

61
Q

Purpose To treat infertility associated with :
Endometriosis
Low sperm count
Problem with uterus or fallopian tubes
Antibody problems that harm sperms or egg
Inability of sperm to penetrate or survive in cervical mucus
Poor egg quality
Genetic disease of father or mother
Unexplained fertility problem

A

IVF

62
Q

IUI sperms inserted directly into the womb during ovulation

A

intrauterine insemination

63
Q

single sperm is directed injected into single egg in the laboratory and transplanted into womb. 

A

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

64
Q
  • for low sperm count or nothing to produce to be used for IVF. 
A

sperm donation

65
Q
  • for unable to conceive with own egg, donated egg will be combined with partner’s sperm, and embryo will be transplanted to your own womb. Likewise in the case of donated embryo. 
A

egg or embryo donation

66
Q

another woman will carry the embryo of couple and entrust after birth.

A

surrogacy

67
Q

Disavantages of Assisted Conception

A

Invasive and expensive treatments

Side effects and potential risks of fertility drugs used.

possible high risk for baby being born through conception techniques

Greater risk of complication of pregnancy, labour and birth.

Occurrence of multiple pregnancies

Fertility treatment for old age may have corresponding complication of miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and may require caesarean.

68
Q

legal arrangement between the person who will bear a child and the person who will become the child’s parent after birth.

A

surrogacy

69
Q

Indications for surrogacy

A

Unable to carry children on their own.

Abnormal uterus or complete absence of uterus due to post-hysterectomy

Complication of hysterectomy due to child birth such as heavy bleeding or rupture or uterus

Surgical removal of uterus due to cervical or uterine cancer.

Past implantation failure, miscarriages

Severe heart or renal condition that can be harmful to pursue pregnancy

Biological impossibility of single men or same sex couples.

70
Q

biological mother of the baby for intended parents. The mother is genetically related because of the egg combined with donated sperms of intended father. Similar to adoption.

A

traditional surrogacy

71
Q

the surrogates are blood relatives to the babies 

A

traditional surrogacy

72
Q

modern method “extreme baby sitting” whereby the baby is created through IVF from donated egg and sperms of intended parents, then transplanted to the gestational surrogate’s uterus to be carried

A

gestational surrogacy

73
Q

the surrogates are not blood relatives to the babies

A

gestational surrogacy

74
Q

Methods when considering surrogacy

A

Decide if surrogacy is the right choice.
Prepare for surrogacy
Find a match
Satisfy legal requirements
Begin the fertilization and embryo transfer
Welcome the new baby.

75
Q

requirements for surrogacy

age

A

21-45

76
Q

requirements for surrogacy

reproductive background

A
  • had one full- term, uncomplicated pregnancy where she successfully had at least one child, and has had no more than five deliveries or three Caesarean sections.
77
Q

requirements for surrogacy

test

A

must have mental health screening, complete physical and medical screening is also required to prevent transmission of communicable diseases.

78
Q

requirement of surrogacy

lifestyle

A

must live in a supportive home environment.

79
Q

Ethical Issues involves the following for surrogacy

A

Social justice
Women ‘s rights
Child welfare
Bioethics

80
Q

is conceived through IVF to provide umbilical cord blood (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ) for bone marrow transplantation in order to save the life of the older sibling from fatal disease ( cancer or Fanconi anemia).

A

savior sibling

81
Q

they are born to donate HLA (human leukocyte antigen) compatible body parts

A

savior sibling

82
Q

HLA

A

heuman leukocyte antigen

83
Q

procedure of savior sibling

A

Creation of multiple embryos

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) to detect and select ones without genetic disorder

Matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of siblings

Taking umbilical cord blood upon birth, or bone marrow or peripheral blood

Transplantation of hemapoietic stem cell or hematopoietic stem cell therapy.

84
Q

There is prioritization of autonomy - one child over the other. Autonomy of parents supersede that savior child while the self-rule of savior siblings is threatened even before they born. In this case that children cannot make decision for themselves, when their autonomy is not seen legally?

what ethical guiding principle

A

respect for autonomy

85
Q

The good the savior sibling will do for the sick child must be weighed to the suffering it will cause the savior sibling. How sick is the child and if he or she gets treatment from a savior sibling, will it benefit in the end?

what ethical guiding principle

A

beneficence

86
Q

If a doctor promises to do no harm, who is he promising- the child or the parents and to what extent? How can these risks and benefits to two different people be compared?

what ethical guiding principle

A

non-maleficence

87
Q

If the treatment does not work, was it all for nothing?

what ethical guiding principle

A

justice

88
Q

study ethical issues about beginning of life

A

+1

89
Q

This union brings together the 23 chromosomes from the father with the 23 chromosomes from the mother to make a single new life with ___

A

46 chromosomes

90
Q

the genetic blue print for the development of every detail this new person will ever have.

A

chromosomes

91
Q

For the next few days, the fertilized egg travels down the

A

fallopian tube and the uterus

92
Q

At the end of the first ___ , it implants itself into the lining of the uterine wall and draws nourishment from its mother.

A

week

93
Q

From Days ___ the developing embryo signals its presence through placenta chemicals and hormones to the mother’s body telling it to cease menstruation.

A

10-14

94
Q

By only Day ___ foundations of the brain, spinal cord and nervous system are already established.

A

20

95
Q

Day __, the heart begins to beat.

A

21

96
Q

the backbone and muscles are forming. Arms, legs, eyes, and ears begins to show.

A

4th week

97
Q

Now __ month old, the embryo is 10,000 times larger than the original fertilized egg and is developing rapidly

A

one

98
Q

five fingers can be discerned in the hand. The eyes darken as pigment is produced. Brain waves can be detected and recorded.

what week

A

5

99
Q

the liver is now taking over production of blood cells, the brain begins to control muscle movements and organs.

what week

A

week 6

100
Q

The embryo begins to move spontaneously. The jaw forms, including teeth buds in the gums.

what week

A

week 7

101
Q

Soon the eyelids will seal to protect the embryo’s developing light-sensitive eyes and will reopen at about the

A

seventh month

102
Q

By the ___ Week the now-called fetus is a little more than an inch long. The fetus has now everything found in a fully developed adult

A

8th

103
Q

The heart has been beating for more than a month, the kidneys are functioning; the stomach is producing digestive juices. And it responds to

A

touch

104
Q

the tiny one has fingerprints and will curve its hand around an object placed in its palm.

what week

A

week 9

105
Q

the fetus can squint, swallow, and wrinkle its forehead.

what week

A

week 10

106
Q

the fetus is now about 2 inches long. Urination occurs. Muscle movements are becoming more coordinated.

what week

A

11th week

107
Q

the unborn sleeps, awakens, and exercises its muscles. It “breathes” amniotic fluid to help develop its respiratory system. Fine hair is growing on the head.

what month

A

3 months

108
Q

the fetus is 8-10 inches long and weighs half a pound.
The mother starts to “show”. The baby’s ears are functional. It can hear its mother.

what week

A

4 months

109
Q

The fetus as __ months is now about 12 inches long.
There is definite movement felt by the mother. The unborn may jump in reactions to starting or loud noises.

A

5th

110
Q

At the ___ month oil and sweat glands are now functioning. The delicate skin is protected from the fetal waters by a special ointment called “vermix”.
Born now and given proper care, the baby would survive.

A

6th

111
Q

The delicate skin is protected from the fetal waters by a special ointment called

A

vermix

112
Q

At Month __, the baby now uses the four senses of hearing, vision, taste, and touch. The child can respond to his or her mother’s voice.

A

7

113
Q

the skin begins to thicken with a layer of fat stored underneath for insulation and nourishment. Antibodies increasingly build up.
The baby is nearly ready for life outside the womb.

what monthy

A

8

114
Q

Toward the end of this month, the baby is ready for birth. By this time, the infant normally weighs __ pounds, and his or her heart is pumping 300 gallons of blood per day.

A

6-9 pounds

115
Q

ethical considerations for abortion

A

is it morally right to terminate pregnancy
is fetus a human
abortion is always wrong

116
Q

chiefs position of morality of abortion

A

pro-life position
pro-choice

117
Q
  • holds that induced abortions are morally impermissible (morally wrong, morally prohibited).
A

pro-life position

118
Q
  • holds that induced abortions are morally permissible (morally allowable, not morally wrong
A

pro-choice

119
Q

issues in abortion dispute

A

the moral status of the embryo or fetus

the metaphysical and physical status of the embryo or fetus

the moral rights of a person

120
Q

As moral ___, humans are normally considered to have moral rights – the right not to be harmed by others, for instance. Humans are also normally considered moral ___in that their behavior can be judged right or wrong. They are under moral obligations and duties to behave in a certain way toward other moral patients.

A

patients
agents

121
Q

deals with questions about the ultimate nature and categories of reality

A

metaphysics

122
Q

The ___status of a being is how it should be classified with respect to what we take to be the most basic categories and types of reality and experience: whether it has subjective existence or is an object only, whether it is a person, whether it has or is an immaterial soul, etc.

A

metaphysical

123
Q

is the nature of its physical (and mental) existence.

A

physical status of a being

124
Q

It could be alive, dead, able to exist on its own, be at a certain stage of maturity, be of a particular species, and possess physical organs and capabilities such as a brain, central nervous system, and intelligence.

A

physical status of being

125
Q

are creatures of the species homo sapiens. (Some anthropologists speak of several subspecies, with present modern humans as homo sapiens sapiens and earlier modern humans as an extinct subspecies homo sapiens idaltu.) The intent is to denote a particular creature biologically, with humans clearly different than chimpanzees, dolphins, and oak trees.

A

human beings

126
Q

Philosophers used in a sense distinct from the phrase “human being.”

A

person

127
Q

is a biological term

A

human being

128
Q

is a metaphysical designation referring to a being with certain traits such as consciousness, reason, moral agency and moral patiency, communication skills through language, the ability to have a life that matters to the person, the ability to live a meaningful life, etc.

A

person

129
Q

right to life includes

A

right not to be murdered

130
Q

depends to some extent on how the embryo or fetus deserves to be treated:

A

morality of abortion

131
Q

But there is disagreement about where that line of demarcation is:

A

viability (when it can survive outside the womb),
quickening (detectable movement within the womb),
brain waves occurring,
resembling a baby in appearance, etc

132
Q

Pro-lifers shout “The fetus is a human being!” at pro-choicers,

reasons include

A

The embryo or fetus is a person
Persons have a right to life
Therefore the embryo or fetus has a right to life
It is wrong to kill a being with a right to life
Therefore it is wrong to kill an embryo or fetus.

133
Q

pro-choicers shout back “A woman has a right to do what she wants with her own body!”

reasons

A

sees the embryo or fetus as not a person and so not having the right to life possessed by a person

Only persons have a right to life.
An embryo or fetus is not a person.
Therefore an embryo or fetus has no right to life.
If a being has no right to life, it is not wrong to kill it.
Therefore it is not wrong to kill an embryo or fetus.

grants that an embryo or fetus might be a person but sees other factors or considerations as outweighing or overriding any right to life of the fetus

133
Q

Overriding factors argument

A

The right to life of any being may be overridden by other factors occurring.
An embryo or fetus may have a right to life
Therefore any possible right to life of an embryo or fetus may be overridden by other factors occurring.
If a being’s right to life is overridden by other factors occurring, it is not wrong to kill that being in those circumstances.
Therefore it is not wrong to kill an embryo or fetus if certain factors occur.

134
Q

most pro-choicers have in mind others factors such as the following:

A

the child having significant potential for an impairment or genetically-based disorder

an unstable or unloving home environment

major disruption of the pregnant woman’s life plans

financial hardship of the pregnant woman

women will die from closet abortions if driven underground

the basic freedom of a woman to determine the course and use of her own body.

135
Q

Considerations in Deciding on the Morality of Abortion

A

Mother’s freedom over her body
Fetus as part of the mother’s body
Legitimate reasons to get an abortion

Bioethics (4 decks)

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