Esophageal Disorders

Question 1

presents as a triad of postcricoid dysphagia, esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia. It most usually occurs in postmenopausal women

Answer 1

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

Question 2

disease caused by the protozoa. fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. can lead to heart failure, enlarged esophageus, enlarged colon.

Answer 2

Chagas Disease

Question 3

Only two areas of the GI tract that have stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 3

esophagus and rectum

Question 4

Where does lining of GI tract change from squamous to cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 4

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 5

Incomplete relaxation of lower sphincter during swallowing leading to functional obstruction and proximal dilatation. Due to diminished or absent cells in myenteric plexus

Answer 5

achalasia

Question 6

Clinical presentation includes: dysphagia, regurge, chest pain, heartburn, weight loss

Answer 6

achalasia

Question 7

The radiologic examination of choice in the diagnosis of achalasia

Answer 7

barium swallow study performed under fluoroscopic guidance. shows bird’s beak appearance

Question 8

Used to assess LES pressure & peristalsis

Answer 8

esophageal manometry

Question 9

Presentation includes: chest pain, intermittent dysphagia, segmental non-peristaltic contraction, corkscrew esophagus, muscular hypertrophy

Answer 9

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (DES)

Question 10

Congenital abnormality in which the mid-portion of the esophagus is absent

Answer 10

esophageal atresia

Question 11

What does the absence of gas in the abdomen suggest?

Answer 11

patient has either atresia without a fistula or atresia with a proximal fistula only

Question 12

Mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus

Answer 12

GERD

Question 13

Classic symptoms of GERD

Answer 13

heartburn and regurgitation

Question 14

Herniation of portion of stomach adjacent to the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm

Answer 14

hiatal hernia

Question 15

Name the two types of hiatal hernia

Answer 15

sliding or paraesophageal/rolling

Question 16

Complications include: GERD, hemorrhage, stenosis of esophagus, ulcerations, regurgitation, increased risk for respiratory disease

Answer 16

hiatal hernia

Question 17

Symptoms include: heartburn, dysphagia, reflux when lying, pain when bending over

Answer 17

hiatal hernia

Question 18

Name the H2 receptor antagonists

Answer 18

Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac), Famotidine (Pepcid), and Nizatidine (Axid)

Question 19

Name the proton pump inhibitors

Answer 19

omeprazole (Prilosec), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Rabeprazole (Aciphex), Pantoprazole (Protonix), Esomeprazole (Nexim)

Question 20

Acid damages lining of esophagus and causes chronic esophagitis. This specialized intestinal metaplasia can progress to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma

Answer 20

Barrett’s Esophagus

Question 21

Useful first diagnostic test for patients with dysphagia

Answer 21

barium swallow

Question 22

Treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis

Answer 22

oral steroids (Fluticasone) 2 puffs/day

Question 23

Caused by severe retching and vomiting. Tear occurs at the junction of the esophagus and stomach

Answer 23

Mallory-Weiss tear

Question 24

Usually secondary to cirrhosis of the liver. Anything that increase pressure i.e. coughing can start massive bleed

Answer 24

Esophageal varicies

Question 25

Etiology of esophageal varicies

Answer 25

portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis

Question 26

Saclike outpouching of one or more layers of the esophagus

Answer 26

esophageal diverticula

Question 27

Most common of esophageal diverticulum. Located above the upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 27

Zenker’s Diverticulum

Question 28

Symptoms include: dysphagia, weight loss, regurge, chronic cough, aspiration

Answer 28

Zenker’s Diverticulum

Question 29

Arises in the distal esophagus, just above diaphragm. Pulsion diverticulum probably related to incoordination of esophageal peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 29

epiphrenic diverticulum

Question 30

Most common cause of esophageal perforation

Answer 30

endoscopy

Question 31

Most lethal GI perforation

Answer 31

esophageal