Esophageal Disorders Flashcards
presents as a triad of postcricoid dysphagia, esophageal webs, and iron deficiency anemia. It most usually occurs in postmenopausal women
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
disease caused by the protozoa. fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or local swelling at the site of the bite. can lead to heart failure, enlarged esophageus, enlarged colon.
Chagas Disease
Only two areas of the GI tract that have stratified squamous epithelium
esophagus and rectum
Where does lining of GI tract change from squamous to cuboidal epithelium?
lower esophageal sphincter
Incomplete relaxation of lower sphincter during swallowing leading to functional obstruction and proximal dilatation. Due to diminished or absent cells in myenteric plexus
achalasia
Clinical presentation includes: dysphagia, regurge, chest pain, heartburn, weight loss
achalasia
The radiologic examination of choice in the diagnosis of achalasia
barium swallow study performed under fluoroscopic guidance. shows bird’s beak appearance
Used to assess LES pressure & peristalsis
esophageal manometry
Presentation includes: chest pain, intermittent dysphagia, segmental non-peristaltic contraction, corkscrew esophagus, muscular hypertrophy
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (DES)
Congenital abnormality in which the mid-portion of the esophagus is absent
esophageal atresia
What does the absence of gas in the abdomen suggest?
patient has either atresia without a fistula or atresia with a proximal fistula only
Mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
GERD
Classic symptoms of GERD
heartburn and regurgitation
Herniation of portion of stomach adjacent to the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
Name the two types of hiatal hernia
sliding or paraesophageal/rolling
Complications include: GERD, hemorrhage, stenosis of esophagus, ulcerations, regurgitation, increased risk for respiratory disease
hiatal hernia
Symptoms include: heartburn, dysphagia, reflux when lying, pain when bending over
hiatal hernia
Name the H2 receptor antagonists
Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac), Famotidine (Pepcid), and Nizatidine (Axid)
Name the proton pump inhibitors
omeprazole (Prilosec), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Rabeprazole (Aciphex), Pantoprazole (Protonix), Esomeprazole (Nexim)
Acid damages lining of esophagus and causes chronic esophagitis. This specialized intestinal metaplasia can progress to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma
Barrett’s Esophagus
Useful first diagnostic test for patients with dysphagia
barium swallow
Treatment for eosinophilic esophagitis
oral steroids (Fluticasone) 2 puffs/day
Caused by severe retching and vomiting. Tear occurs at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
Mallory-Weiss tear
Usually secondary to cirrhosis of the liver. Anything that increase pressure i.e. coughing can start massive bleed
Esophageal varicies
Etiology of esophageal varicies
portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis
Saclike outpouching of one or more layers of the esophagus
esophageal diverticula
Most common of esophageal diverticulum. Located above the upper esophageal sphincter
Zenker’s Diverticulum
Symptoms include: dysphagia, weight loss, regurge, chronic cough, aspiration
Zenker’s Diverticulum
Arises in the distal esophagus, just above diaphragm. Pulsion diverticulum probably related to incoordination of esophageal peristalsis and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
epiphrenic diverticulum
Most common cause of esophageal perforation
endoscopy
Most lethal GI perforation
esophageal
