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AMH3470 - America & Vietnam > Escalation of Conflict 1964-1968 > Flashcards

Escalation of Conflict 1964-1968 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the features of guerrilla war tactics?

A

1 - Get the support of the people (assassinate key figures - use propaganda - dress like ordinary Vietnamese people to show how they were alike)
2 - Weaken the enemy with hit-and-run tactics - assassinations, sabotaging roads, ambushes, staying close to US facilities so they wouldn’t be bombed -
3. Use lightweight weapons, making tunnels so it was easy to escape - using simple traps eg sharp bamboo
4. Avoid large scale attack unless necessary

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2
Q

Where is a place just 25 miles from Saigon?

A

Cu Chi

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3
Q

How many miles of tunnel was built in Cu Chi?

A

Almost 100 miles on several levels

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4
Q

What would some tunnels contain?

A

Hospitals, fuel, weapons

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5
Q

How did American’s initial try to deal with VC tunnels?

A

Sending soldiers called tunnel rats down to destroy the tunnel eg by planting mines and blowing them up

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6
Q

What was a tunnel rat?

A

A US soldier that was small enough to fit into the VC tunnels and who would go down there explore them and destory them

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7
Q

What was the US’s eventual solution to VC tunnels?

A

Bulldozed over any entrances that they found so they wouldn’t be secret

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8
Q

Why were the first advicers a problem?

A

Initial advisers focused on winning battles and not winning the hearts and minds of the people, resulting in collateral damage

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9
Q

By 1965 what was not in Vietnam?

A

US ground troops| There were advisers and Green berets but no acutual soldiers

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10
Q

When was Operation Rolling Thunder given the green light?

A

Febuary 1965

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11
Q

What happened in Febuary 1965?

A

Operation Rolling Thunder was given the green light

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12
Q

What was Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

A bombing campaign over North Vietnam| It began slowly - didn’t target Hanoi or the Haiphong port or placed near the China boarder.

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13
Q

What was happening at the Haiphong port?

A

Where USSR and Chinese supplies were received

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14
Q

What did the Military in Vietnam want from Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Fast heavy bombing of the North Including Hanoi

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15
Q

What did Rolling Thunder target?

A

Ho Chi Minh trail| Industrial sites in North Vietnam

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16
Q

What did the planes in Rolling thunder drop?

A

Napalm and Pineapple bombs

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17
Q

What was Napalm?

A

A slow burning petrol mixture that sticks to skin, and forest that burns things (through the bone of people)

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18
Q

What was a pineapple bomb?

A

Canisters that expolde and shoot pellets everywhere, like bullets

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19
Q

When were the first bombs on rolling thunder dropped?

A

2nd March 1965

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20
Q

What day did Rolling Thunders stop for?

A

Christmas 1965

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21
Q

When did Rolling Thunder stop for the first time?

A

January 1966 when the 2 sides were negotiating

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22
Q

When did Rolling thunder continue again?

A

After the negotiations failed

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23
Q

What happened to Operation Rolling Thunder after the negotiations failed?

A

The targets that could be bombed were increased

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24
Q

When did Rolling Thunder stop altogether?

A

End of 1968

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25
Q

What demonstrates how well the VC tunnels were hidden?

A

A US base was made on top of one, there was an attack from inside with no sign of a break-in

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26
Q

What were the effects of Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Caused damage to to Ho Chi Minh trail but did not significantly impact the delivery of military supplies
Destroyed industry - but most supplies were made in China or the USSR
Caused a lot of destruction but it only made the US more unpopular in Vietnam and the whole world from
China and the USSR weren’t targeted, therefore, supplies continued to come from them

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27
Q

How much aid sent by the USSR increased during Rolling Thunder?

A

1965-67 (Rolling thunder ended in 1968)| $210 million to $505 million

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28
Q

What was a byproduct of Rolling Thunder?

A

More airbases were built leading to more attacks on them by the VC

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29
Q

Who asked for US troops in Vietnam? Why?

A

General Westmorland to protect the US airbases

30
Q

When did US troops start to arrive in Vietnam?

A

8-10 March 1965

31
Q

Who was the first troops to land in Vietnam?| Where?

A

3,500 marrines| Landed at Danang

32
Q

How did LBJ raise troops to fight in Vietnam?

A

The draft

33
Q

How many troops were there in Vietnam in 1964?

A

23,300

34
Q

How many troops were there in Vietnam in 1965?

A

184,000

35
Q

How many troops were there in Vietnam in 1966?

A

385,300

36
Q

How many troops were there in Vietnam in 1967?

A

485,600

37
Q

How many troops were there in Vietnam in 1968?

A

536,100

38
Q

What was the US’s main counter-insurgency mission?

A

Search and destroy

39
Q

Describe search and destroy mission?

A

A small group of men searched through the jungle for VC. Once the enemy was found, the goal was to fixcamos and supplies, if they found stuff they would call in helicopers to prey the area to destroy itNormally missions were on the ground - so there were a lot of booby-trapsNo full scale battles

40
Q

Why did search-and-destroy missions fail to destroy the Viet Cong?

A

Search and destroy failed to effectively eradicate the VC from the rural countryside because the U.S. military focused on body count versus occupying land; and
Rural villagers became collateral damage during the fighting which reduce popular support for the U.S.

41
Q

How many South Vietnamese refugees were the result of search and destroy missions?

A

4 million

42
Q

When was Operation Cedar Falls?

A

1967

43
Q

How many soldiers were there is Operation Cedar Falls?

A

30,000 US and ARVN troops

44
Q

Where did Operation Cedar Falls focus on?

A

The Iron Triangle (where the VC were the strongest)

45
Q

What happened in Cedar Falls?

A

Villages were burned| Villagers were forced into refugee camps

46
Q

What was the result of Operation Cedar Falls? People?

A

750 VC dead450 US and ARVN dead3,500 refugees from Ben Suc alone

47
Q

What happened to the Iron Triangle after Operation Cedar Falls?

A

It became a “free-fire zone” to be bombed without warning at any time

48
Q

Why did Operation Cedar Falls end badly?

A

It became a free fire zone but the villagers didn’t understand this and therefore went back resulting in casualties
Sometimes they were warned through leaflets (but they wouldn’t read them)

49
Q

What type of mission was Cedar Falls?

A

Search and destroy mission

50
Q

Who was the first president to authorize the use of herbicides?

A

JFK

51
Q

What was the defoliation program called?

A

Operation Ranch Hand

52
Q

When did Operation Ranch Hand start?

A

10 August 1961

53
Q

Why was the use of chemcial weapons so bad?

A

Many villagers were killed or burned
Damage to crops
Poisoned people and livestock resulting in birth defects

54
Q

How much of South Vietnam was sprayed with some sort of defolient?

A

Between 1964-70, approximately 24%

55
Q

How much herbicide could 1 plane spray?

A

300 acres in 4 minutes

56
Q

How strong were the defolients?

A

They were 50% stronger than those used in the US

57
Q

What was Agent Blue?

A

A defoliant which was fast-acting and used to kill crops

58
Q

What was Agent Orange?

A

A defoliant which was stronger and was used in the forest

59
Q

How mnay villages were sprayed?

A

Over 3000

60
Q

When was the spraying of defoliants stopped?

A

October 1971

61
Q

Who stopped the spraying of defolients?

A

The US’s Defense Department

62
Q

What are the Vietnamese Red Cross’s estimates of the effects of using defoliants?

A

150,000 children born with health defect

63
Q

What was the Ted Offensive?

A

A series of atatcks on 26 cities amd US bases in South Vietnam

64
Q

When did the Tet Offensive start?

A

The beginning of the Tet Lunar New Year | 30th January 1968

65
Q

Why was staging the Tet Offesnsive on the Lunar New Year smart?

A

Normally there was a ceasefire. ARNV was caught off guard. Many ARVN were off-duty for the holiday

66
Q

How did the VC try to catch the US offguard at the Tet offensive?

A

Late 1967 - attacks in the DMZ to try and lure US troops away from their targets- North Vietnam suggested it may be ready to negotiate, on 20th January 1968 there was an attack at Khe Sanh which got 6,000 troops and bombers redeployed

67
Q

What was the result of the Tet offensive in Saigon?

A

The VC got into the US embassy although it was soon recaptured

68
Q

What city was captures during the Tet offensive?

A

The old city of Hue

69
Q

How long did it take for the US and ARVN to win back Hue?

A

3 weeks of fighting in the streets

70
Q

Why was the Tet Offensive significant?

A

The cities were supposed to be safe. The US embassy itself was lost; scale - 84,000 troopsVC were almost wiped out as there were heavy losses; propaganda victory for the VC; US public saw Tet as a huge defeat

71
Q

What was US involvment like in 1968?

A

$26,266 million; 536,100 soldiers; 16,899 dead

AMH3470 - America & Vietnam (23 decks)

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