Erythrocytes Flashcards
Describe the cytoplasmic characteristics of RBCs
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How does RBCs gain energy?
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Describe the external structure of RBCs
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What are the dimensions of RBCs
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How is blood group decided?
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Do RBC count vary according to location?
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Male count of RBC
4.6 - 6 x 10^12 / L
Female count of RBC
3.9-5.3 x 10^12 / L
What are the functions of RBCs
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What is the lifespan of RBCs
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What is Hypoxia and how does it stimulate Erythropoiesis
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What is the pathway to produce mature RBCs
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What are the important factors of maturation of RBCs
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What is the main hormone that regulates production of RBC
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What does excess presence of remnants of RBC cytoplasm indicate
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What happens to severely damaged or non-functional RBCs
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What happens when RBCs rupture
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What do Macrophages do to Fe, what happens to the remaining heme and the globin
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Describe the structure of Haemoglobin
Hemoglobin A (Hb A): makes up about 95%-98% of hemoglobin found in adults; it contains two alpha (α) chains and two beta (β) protein chains.
Hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2 ): makes up about 2%-3% of hemoglobin found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two delta (δ) protein chains.
Hemoglobin F (Hb F, fetal hemoglobin): makes up to 1%-2% of hemoglobin found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two gamma (γ)
What is essential for Hb synthesis
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Describe the reaction of Hb with oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What are the disorders of RBCs
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Describe anemia
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What are the causes of anemia
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What is Aplastic anemia
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Describe Polycythemia
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Describe Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
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What are the ESRs of Males
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What are the ESRs of Females
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What happens to ESR when RBCs are reduced
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What happens to ESR when plasma proteins are increased
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What Physiological conditions causes an increase in ESR
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What Pathological conditions cause an increase in ESR
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What are three important RBC indices
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Mean Cell Hb
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Mean Cell Hb conc.
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Mean Cell Volume
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RBC chamber counting method
- using a mixing pipette
- Ring finger pricked, first drop wiped off
- Capillary end is dipped into second drop at a 45 degree angle
- Blood drawn in onto 0.5 Mark
- Hayem’s solution is added
- Stirring
- Transferred to a capillary space
- Examined on microscope
- RBC counted on smallest squares
- Inside the squares and those that touch two random lines
Ferrometric method for determining Hb level
- measured according to amount of iron in the Hb molecule
- 100g - 0.347g Fe
- expensive
Gasometrical method for determining Hb level
- measured by amount of has (O2, CO2,) bound to Hb at complete saturation
- expensive
Calorimetric method for determining Hb level
- Hb transformed into stable colour complex
- undergoes photometry
- carried out by haemoglobincyanide
Different types of hemolysis
- alpha - partial hemolysis - leaves dark green colour behind
- beta - complete lysis of red cells - lightened (yellow)
- gamma - non-hemolytic
Osmotic Resistance of RBC
- test carried out with 24 test tubes
- contain 2ml of NaCl solutions (hypotonic)
- decreasing conc.
- add drops of blood to each, mixed, undisturbed
- centrifuged
- upper limit marked - light yellow colouring - onset of hemolysis
- lower limit is test tube without RBCs at the bottom - red - complete hemolysis
- reduced resistance in anemic children
